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    Application methods of Steinernema feltiae, Xenorhabdus bovienii and Purpureocillium lilacinum to control root-knot nematodes in greenhouse tomato systems
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2018) Kepenekci, Ilker; Hazir, Selcuk; Oksal, Ercin; Lewis, Edwin E.
    The efficacy of various biological control agents and their application methods was tested against the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne javanica and Meloidogyne incognita in large, in-ground tomato production areas. Treatments included infective juveniles (IJs) of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae, nematode infected insect cadavers and cell-free supernatant of the nematode's bacterial symbiont (Xenorhabdus bovienii) and the nematode-parasitic fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum. The treatments were tested in two 1000 m(2) greenhouses, one located in Fethiye and the other in Kepez Turkey. Galling index according to the Zeck scale, total yield and cost analyses were evaluated for each application method. The Zeck scale was the lowest (mean index = 2.37) for plants treated with a commercial product based on P. lilacinum, followed by S. feltiae (125 IJs/cm(2)), X. bovienii (dipping + topical application) and cadaver treatments. The control group had the highest root knot infection (mean index = 8.55). Total yield from the P. lilacinum-treated plants in the Kepez region was estimated at 18.800 kg/1000 m(2), which was the highest yield among all treatments in both regions. S. feltiae and S. feltiae cadaver application treatments followed the P. lilacinum treatment with 17.216 and 16.440 kg/1000 m(2) production, respectively. Total yield was 11.184 kg/1000 m(2) in the control. The cost analysis of each treatment was calculated based on the total harvested amount of tomatoes per plant x 4000 (the number of tomato plants in a typical 000 m(2) greenhouse). The net profit difference between P. lilacinum treated and non-treated (control) greenhouses in Fethiye and Kepez regions was US $ 3268 and 797 US $ for the tomato growers per 1000 m(2), respectively.
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    Comparative effects of entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes and bacterial supernatants against rice white tip nematode
    (Springer, 2018) Tulek, Adnan; Kepenekci, I. Iker; Oksal, Ercin; Hazir, Selcuk
    The rice white tip nematode, Aphelenchoides besseyi, is the primarily important seed-borne pest of rice and was first recorded in Turkey in 1995. These biological agents, such as an entomopathogenic fungus (EPF), entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN), and bacterial supernatants, have been used against other plant parasitic nematodes but as far as not against A. besseyi. Accordingly, the EPF species, Purpureocillium lilacinum, and the four EPN species, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema carpocapsae, S. glaseri, and S. feltiae, and the supernatant of the two bacterial symbionts, Photorhabdus luminescens and Xenorhabdus bovienii, were used against A. besseyi. In addition, infected Galleria mellonella cadavers with S. feltiae were evaluated as a biological agent to the white tip nematode. The percentage of observed white tip symptoms, decrease in kernel numbers in the panicles, and decrease in panicle weight were evaluated. Evaluation of these parameters showed that X bovienii supernatant, S. feltiae infective juveniles, and P. lilacinum at 10(8) conidia ml(-1) consistently suppressed the A. besseyi population.
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    Detection and Molecular Characterization of two 'Candidatus Phytoplasma Trifolii' Isolates Infecting Peppers at the Same Ecological Niche
    (Friends Science Publ, 2017) Oksal, Hatice Digdem; Apak, Fulya Kaya; Oksal, Ercin; Tursun, Nihat; Sipahioglu, Hikmet Murat
    Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivars exhibiting phytoplasma like symptoms including yellowing, flower sterility, necrosis, stunting and small leaves of lateral shoots were collected in Spring 2016 from Malatya province (Turkey). Leaf samples of the most common annual weeds and leafhoppers nearby symptomatic peppers were also sampled. Nested-PCR and virtual computer-simulated restriction fragment length polymorphism (virtual RFLP) methods have been implemented to ascertain and characterize the phytoplasma-associated disease. Using universal primer pairs in nested-PCR DNA fragments of approximately 1.2 kb were amplified from 3 pepper samples. None of the weed and leafhopper samples were reacted positive in PCR reactions. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was used to sequence the amplified PCR fragments of two samples. The presence of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma trifolii' infections were confirmed by the analysis of 16S rDNA sequence and virtual-RFLP. Molecularly characterized isolates were designated as TR1 and TR2 (Acces. no: KY321932 and KY568694). Both isolates were identified as members of the clover proliferation phytoplasma group (subgroup 16SrVI-A) in pepper plants as strains of 'Ca. Phytoplasma trifolii'. Sequence alignment of the two 'Ca. Phytoplasma trifolii' isolates revealed a low level of genetic diversity. However, the restriction enzyme patterns of both isolates particularly in MseI profiles were differed from reference patterns of all previously established 'Ca. Phytoplasma trifolii' isolates in the world. Particularly, the TR2 isolate showed a point mutation comparing TR1 isolate and with reference strain (AY390261) of 'Ca. Phytoplasma trifolii'. This is the first report of 'Ca. Phytoplasma trifolii' isolates naturally infecting pepper plants from Turkey. (C) 2017 Friends Science Publishers
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    Effect of Purpureocillium lilacinum on Root Lesion Nematode, Pratylenchus thornei
    (Ankara Univ, Fac Agr, 2018) Kepenekci, Ilker; Toktay, Halil; Oksal, Ercin; Bozbuga, Refik; Imren, Mustafa
    Wheat (Triticum spp.) is highly susceptible to the root lesion nematode, Pratylenchus thornei, which causes excessive amounts of crop losses each year. In this research, we investigated the cumulative effect of the biocontrol agent Purpureocillium lilacinum (syn: Paecilonryces Ilk:citrus) against P. !hornet. Three doses of P lilacinum (10(6), 10(7) and 10(8) conidia cultures mL(-1)) with one dose of 400 P. !hornet individuals (adults and juveniles) mL(-1) were applied in 100 cm(3) soil under greenhouse conditions. The number of nematodes in the soil and root in addition to total nematode in soil+root were determined. Moreover, different plant parameters such as the plant height, plant fresh and dry weight, root fresh and dry weight were evaluated. Applications with the higher dose of bio-agents (100 cm(3) P thornet infested soil with 10(8) conidia culture of P. lilacinum mL(-1)) exhibited maximal enhancement in dry and fresh weight of shoot and reduced P. thornei population. As a consequence. P Madman individually was highly effective in enhancing different plant parameters and suppressing P. thornei reproduction. Overall, present findings suggest that the exploitation of the biocontrol agent P. lilacinum could be helpful for effective management of the root lesion nematode P. thornei.
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    Evaluation of entomopathogenic fungi, Purpureocillium lilacinum TR1 for the control of the Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne javanica, M-incognita and M-arenaria)
    (Entomological Soc Turkey, Ege Univ, 2015) Kepenekci, Ilker; Oksal, Ercin
    Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae) are one of the major pests of the vegetables causing losses in crop production by forming knots on the roots. RKNs are generally seen in the greenhouse vegetable production areas of the coastal regions of Turkey. Because of commercial nematicides are highly toxic to environment and human health, alternative control strategies are needed. One of effective and environmental friendly methods is using entomopathogen fungi (EPFs) against nematodes. In this study, a potential biological control agents, Turkish isolate of EPF, Purpureocillium lilacinum TR1 (syn: Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Luangsa-ard, Houbraken, Hywel-Jones & Samson) (Hypocreales: Ophiocordycipitaceae) was evaluated to control three species [Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood, M. incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood and M. javanica (Treub) Chitwood] of RKNs. Experiments were conducted in plastic pots, 1000 J2s and 3000 eegs of RKNs were applied to 2 cm deep holes in the pots. The serial dilutions of P. lilacinum conidia were prepared 10(6), 10(7) and 10(8) cfu ml(-1) concentrations under haemocytometer. The two controls were pots with RKN eggs or J2s (positive control), and no RKNs (negative control). Bioassays were replicated (pots) five times for each treatment. Total number of egg masses for each plant, plant height, fresh and dry weight of the upper parts of plants and fresh and dry root weight were recorded. Numbers of nematodes were decreased by increasing the inoculum level of the entomopatogenic fungi. 10(8) cfu concentrations of Purpureocillium lilacinum TR1 were found more effective then other concentrations applied.