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    Removal of Reactive Black 5 by UV-C assisted peroxydisulfate process: Effect of parameters, kinetic study, and phytotoxicity assessment
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2024) Omac, Feyza; Karakurt, Huseyin; Kartal, Ozlem Esen
    Photochemical removal of Reactive Black 5 (RB5) was investigated by the UV-C assisted peroxydisulfate (UV-C/PDS) process. Parameters affecting the removal of RB5 were examined. Activation of PDS by UV-C light significantly improved the removal efficiency compared to direct photolysis or PDS alone. The removal of RB5 by UV-C/PDS process fitted well with the pseudo first-order kinetic model under all tested conditions. Almost complete removal of RB5 was achieved at the end of 120 min within the pH range of 3-7, whereas 90.7 and 89.4% removal efficiency values were observed at pH = 9 and 11, respectively. An increase in PDS dosage in the range of 0.25-1 mM led to a rise in removal from 48.5 to 97.3% after 120 min, and a complete removal was observed with a dosage higher than 2 mM. Pseudo firstorder rate constant (kobs) increased linearly with PDS dosage from 0.0058 to 0.0518 min-1 in the 0.25 mM - 2.3 mM concentration range. The removal efficiency decreased with an increase in the initial concentration of RB5 from 20 to 50 mg L-1 and an exponential correlation was observed between kobs and initial concentration of RB5. Scavenging experiments conducted using t-butyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol implied that both sulphate and hydroxyl radicals were involved in the removal of RB5. Adding HCO3- decreased the removal of RB5 within the range of 1-30 mM. The presence of CI- showed a negative impact on the removal at low concentrations (1-15 mM) and NO3- slightly inhibited the removal of RB5. With corresponding stoichiometric PDS dosage, almost a complete mineralisation was achieved for RB5 solution and simulated dyebath effluent after 720 min of reaction time. EE/O values were determined to be 91.0, 76.8, and 41.1 kWh m-3 order-1 for UV-C/H2O2, UV-C/PMS, and UV-C/PDS processes, respectively. The phytotoxicity tests indicated that the intermediates could be more toxic than the parent compound.