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    Effect of Music and Lemon Aroma on Anaerobic Power and Balance of Athletes After Exhausting Activity
    (KMAN Publication Inc., 2023) Adanur, Oğuzhan; Oncu, Mertkan; Turkmen, Musa; Eken, Özgür; Kurtoğlu, Ahmet; Yermakhanov, Baglan; Setiawan, Edi
    Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of lemon aroma (LA) and music on anaerobic power and balance in athletes following sporting activity. Recognizing the potential influence of sensory stimuli on performance, we sought to contribute valuable insights into optimizing recovery strategies for athletes. Objectives: The primary objective was to assess the effects of LA and music on anaerobic power and balance, employing a comprehensive set of physical fitness factors. Methods: Twelve male amateur athletes were randomly included in our study. These individuals were given LA, music, and with no supplementation (control) for 72 hours, followed by a standardized recovery phase using a Monarch ergometer, and lactic acid levels were measured after the intervention to assess the physiological effect. Balance analysis covering both static and dynamic conditions was performed using a specialized balance machine. Isometric dynamometer measurements and detailed assessments of Sargent’s jumping performance were performed to analyze physical fitness factors. Results: Significant differences were observed in balance parameters, with both static balance (SB) and dynamic balance (DB) registering higher values in the control time (P = 0.006; P < 0.001, respectively). Lemon aroma exposure resulted in the highest values for peak power (PP) and relative PP (RPP) (P < 0.001; P < 0.001, respectively). Conversely, in the control time exhibited the lowest values for relative anaerobic power (RAP) and vertical jump (VJ). Conclusions: The findings suggest a positive influence of stimulating aroma (lemon) and music elements on sportive performance. Lemon aroma was associated with enhanced anaerobic power, while the control group exhibited superior balance outcomes. These results underscore the potential benefits of incorporating sensory interventions into athletes’ recovery protocols for optimized performance. © 2023, Adanur et al.
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    Strategic daytime napping enhances agility and lowers perceived exertion but does not improve fatigue resistance in adolescent soccer players
    (Nature Portfolio, 2026) Oncu, Mertkan; Eken, Ozgur; Aldhahi, Monira I.
    Daytime naps are increasingly adopted by athletes to alleviate subjective fatigue and restore alertness, yet their impact on high-intensity anaerobic tasks remains unclear. Both nap duration and circadian timing may modulate psychomotor readiness, perceived exertion, and fatigue resistance, but evidence from team-sport settings is limited. This study aimed to determine how different daytime nap durations (25 vs. 45 min) influence agility, repeated-sprint performance, and psychophysiological responses-including perceived exertion and mood-in adolescent soccer players. Sixteen competitive male adolescent soccer players (all intermediate chronotypes) completed three randomized, crossover sessions: no nap (N0), 25-min nap (N25), and 45-min nap (N45). Nap compliance was objectively verified by actigraphy. After a 60-min post-nap wake-up period, participants performed the Pro Agility Test and a repeated-sprint ability (RSA) protocol. Psychophysiological outcomes included ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), Hooper Index, visual analogue scales (VAS) for alertness, and Profile of Mood States (POMS). Agility improved in a clear dose-response pattern (N0 = 5.40 +/- 0.34 s; N25 = 5.18 +/- 0.23 s; N45 = 4.98 +/- 0.29 s; p < 0.001, eta p2 = 0.57). RPE was significantly lower after N45 versus N0 (Delta = -1.4; p < 0.01, eta p2 = 0.45). RSA indices showed no overall condition effect, although best sprint time improved after N45 versus N25 (p < 0.01) with greater fatigue accumulation across repeated sprints (p < 0.05). Mood analysis revealed positive associations between fatigue and RPE and negative associations between vigor and RPE, indicating that mood states are associated with perceived exertion. A 45-min early-afternoon nap meaningfully enhanced agility and reduced perceived exertion but did not improve fatigue resistance during repeated sprints. Coaches should weigh the neuromuscular and perceptual benefits of longer naps against potential fatigue trade-offs when designing pre-competition recovery strategies.
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    The Acute Effects of 25-Versus 60-Minute Naps on Agility and Vertical Jump Performance in Elite Youth Soccer Players: The Role of Individual Chronotype
    (Mdpi, 2025) Eken, Ozgur; Oncu, Mertkan; Kurtoglu, Ahmet; Bozkurt, Oguzhan; Turkmen, Musa; Aldhahi, Monira I.
    Introduction: While napping is recognized as an effective strategy for mitigating insufficient sleep and enhancing athletic recovery, limited research exists on its effects on football players' anaerobic performance, particularly concerning chronotype variations. This study investigated the impact of strategic napping durations on anaerobic performance and agility in football players under the age of 19 (U19), considering individual chronotypes and psychological factors. Methods: Sixteen young football players (age: 17.18 +/- 1.04 years) participated in this crossover randomized controlled study. Participants underwent three conditions: no nap (NoN), 25 min nap (N25), and 60 min nap (N60), with 48 h washout periods between sessions. Performance was assessed using the Countermovement Jump Test (CMJ), Illinois Agility Test, and Illinois Change-of-Direction Test with Ball. Chronotype assessment, sleep quality, and mood states were evaluated using the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and Profile of Mood States Questionnaire, respectively. Results: The 60 min nap protocol demonstrated significant improvements in agility performance compared to other conditions, particularly in the Illinois Agility Test and Change-of-Direction Test with Ball. However, no significant differences were observed in CMJ parameters across napping conditions. Chronotype variations showed correlations with agility performance and psychological factors, with evening-type participants displaying different responses to napping interventions compared to morning-type participants. Conclusions: While a 60 min post-lunch nap did not affect anaerobic performance, it positively influenced agility performance in soccer players. Chronotypic differences significantly impacted both agility performance and associated psychological factors. These findings suggest that integrating napping strategies into athletic training programs, while considering individual chronotypic variations, may present opportunities for enhancing specific aspects of athletic performance. Further research is needed to elucidate the underlying physiological, psychological, and cognitive mechanisms of these effects.