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Öğe Analysis of Economic Leakage Level and Infrastructure Leakage Index Indicator by Applying Active Leakage Control(Asce-Amer Soc Civil Engineers, 2021) Yilmaz, Salih; Firat, Mahmut; Ates, Abdullah; Ozdemir, OzgurActive leakage control (ALC) has an important place in the management and prevention of leaks in water or/and gas distribution systems. However, cost-benefit components and the amount of economically recoverable leakage should be analyzed and determined, respectively, for the effective implementation of this method. In this study, an analysis of the cost-benefit components of the ALC method is presented for determining the amount of recoverable leakage and evaluating changes in the infrastructure leakage index (ILI) under the ALC method. An economic analysis of ALC was made for nine regions with different characteristics and benefits. System performance was evaluated according to ILI by calculating cost. The economically recoverable leakage under ALC, representing the maximum amount of water that could be economically saved to the system by the ALC method in the district metered areas (DMAs), were calculated. The ILI parameter, which has quite an important place in the performance of water distribution systems (WDSs), may be insufficient on its own for determining whether application of ALC will be economical in a region. The results showed that application of ALC method would not be economical, especially in regions in which unit water production costs are low and the number of customers per unit length and leakage are low.Öğe Analysis of floods from natural channels in urban areas and creation of risk map: Malatya province case(Pamukkale Univ, 2019) Kilic, Selami; Ozdemir, Ozgur; Firat, MahmutIn this study, flood simulation analysis was carried out for the natural channels in the urban area and a risk map of flood waters was formed. For this purpose, Horata channel in Malatya city center was selected as the application area where there are a total of four streams, which have the flood risk potential. The flood events observed in the past were investigated and the factors that cause it were evaluated. Flood hydrographs were obtained for 50, 100 and 500 year return periods for the Horata channel. Info-works ICM was used for flood simulation and flood analysis was performed for different recurrence periods. It was observed that stream sections were inadequate and settlement areas would be adversely affected especially for the return period of 500 years. As a result, flood propagation maps were created for each case and the affected areas were determined. According to the results of these analyzes, the regions where the risk of floods are high can be listed as follows, especially where the natural flow is disturbed, the section is constricted for bridging, the areas where meandering are formed, regions where the section is insufficient.Öğe Analysis of the effect of pressure control on leakages in distribution systems by FAVAD equation and field applications(Iwa Publishing, 2021) Ozdemir, Ozgur; Firat, Mahmut; Yilmaz, Salih; Usluer, MustafaPressure has an important effect on the occurrence of failures/leaks in water distribution systems (WDSs) or the change of leakage in existing leakages. For this reason, monitoring the pressure is important especially for analyzing the changes in the day and night, determining the fluctuations and applying pressure management (PM) to ensure normal operating conditions. In this study, the effect of pressure on water losses and minimum night flow (MNF) was carried out according to the Fixed and Varied Area Discharge (FAVAD) approach, which allows the amount of leakage to be calculated based on the change in pressure and field tests. The minimum flow rate and potential leakage were determined under the network operating conditions before the pressure control in a region. Then, considering the features of the region, pressure was reduced with the pressure control system and MNFs and leaks were monitored. By reducing the pressure from 9.10 bar to 3.2 bar in the region, the MNF rate was reduced from 6.95 I/s to 3.29 I/s. The daily water savings in the system inlet volume is 78.44 m(3)/day and the annual saving is 28,624 m(3)/year. The results obtained are very important for practitioners in terms of implementing PM in the field.Öğe Analyzing the economic water loss level with a discrete stochastic optimization algorithm by considering budget constraints(Iwa Publishing, 2022) Yilmaz, Salih; Firat, Mahmut; Ate, Abdullah; Ozdemir, OzgurWater losses in water distribution systems (WDSs) cause inefficiency of water resources and increase operating costs. Water loss management (WLM) methods generally have high initial investment and operating costs. However, the budget planned within the scope of WLM in administrations is generally limited. Therefore, the most appropriate method should be determined by considering the budget conditions and cost-benefit analysis. The aim of this study is to propose a new economic water loss level (EWLL) model in WDSs with the different budget constraints of 5, 15 and 20% of the annual income. This EWLL model was developed by the discrete stochastic optimization algorithm. The EWLL and economically recoverable leakage volumes were determined by considering the budget constraints. Moreover, the most appropriate methods were determined to reach the EWLL values defined according to the budget constraints. The EWLL was calculated as 8.62% by the optimization model without budget constraints. Moreover, the EWLL values with budget constraints of 5, 15 and 20% of the annual income were determined as 56.82, 21.14 and 18.02%, respectively. This EWLL model will make a significant contribution to the annual planning in WLM depending on the budget constraints of the administrations.Öğe Defining cost standard and new algorithm for economic leakage level components in water loss management(Univ Estadual Maringa, Pro-Reitoria Pesquisa Pos-Graduacao, 2022) Yilmaz, Salih; Ates, Abdullah; Firat, Mahmut; Ozdemir, OzgurMethods and tools used to reduce leakage in distribution systems are often time consuming and costly and require special requirements. Therefore, cost-benefit analysis is very important for basic reduction methods applied in water loss management. In this study, cost and benefit analysis standards were developed for basic methods such as pressure management, number of teams, and pipe rehabilitation and active leakage control, in managing leakages. Moreover, a new cost algorithmic structure was developed and the economically recoverable water amount was determined by applying calculation tool developed to make detailed analyzes systematically and accurately. The most important advantage of this study is the development of an economic analysis model and algorithmic structure for basic reduction methods according to field data. It is thought that the cost analysis and algorithmic structures developed will make a significant contribution to the economic leakage level analysis and serve as a reference for sustainable water loss management.Öğe DEFINING THE OPTIMUM PRESSURE FOR ACTIVE LEAKAGE CONTROL EFFICIENCY BY CONSIDERING ECONOMIC CRITERIA(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2021) Yilmaz, Salih; Firat, Mahmut; Ates, Abdullah; Ozdemir, OzgurThe main purpose of this study is to determine the optimum pressure level by considering the economic criteria in case of applying pressure management and acoustic listening method, which are the most basic leakage reduction methods. For this purpose, optimum pressure levels were determined in the pilot regions selected and benefits to be obtained were discussed. The useful flow rate for ALC application in 4 regions was obtained as zero (0). In these DMAs, it was observed that the benefit to be obtained by applying only pressure management in these regions is more than the benefit that can be obtained from applying acoustic listening and pressure management together. Due to low water production costs, determining an active reduction strategy in the region will have uneconomic consequences for the Administration. Therefore, if there is no shortage of water resources, it would be a more ideal strategy to apply PM for DMA4. The results obtained from this study will constitute a reference within the scope of determining the optimum pressure level that will provide maximum benefit economically in the network when PM and ALC methods are used together.Öğe Determination of Economic Leakage Level with Optimization Algorithm in Water Distribution Systems(World Scientific Publ Co Pte Ltd, 2021) Firat, Mahmut; Yilmaz, Salih; Ates, Abdullah; Ozdemir, OzgurIt is necessary to set the most appropriate targets in water loss management (WLM) and to choose the most economically and technically suitable method to achieve these targets. The aim of this work is to define the level of economic leakage with the optimization algorithm in sustainable WLM, considering the system components, requirements and costs of the methods. For this purpose, a new model based on discrete stochastic optimization has been developed to determine the most appropriate values of the pressure level and the number of teams. After the system components were entered into the model, the optimal values of parameters were determined according to the problem-specific defined objective function. It was calculated that the pressure should be reduced from 40 m to 25.30 m, and the number of teams was 4 for the sample system. The Economic Leakage Level for the system was calculated as 145.85 m(3)/day in volume and 11.9% in percentage.Öğe Determination of economic loss levels in water distribution systems with different network conditions by a district stochastic optimization algorithm(Iwa Publishing, 2023) Yilmaz, Salih; Ates, Abdullah; Firat, Mahmut; Ozdemir, Ozgur; Cinal, HuseyinWater losses in water distribution systems reach significant rates depending on the network characteristics. Various methods, which have initial investment and operating costs have been applied to reduce these losses. Therefore, appropriate and applicable methods should be preferred by considering the network characteristics. The aim of this study is to determine the economic loss level with an optimization algorithm for utilities with different network characteristics, water production, operating costs and institutional capacity. Three pilot utilities with different system characteristics and water loss components were selected as application areas. The non-revenue water rates are currently calculated as 57, 50 and 37%, respectively. The economic loss levels in the pilot utilities were calculated as 29, 16 and 23% with the optimization model. Moreover, the most appropriate methods to be applied according to the conditions of the utilities were determined in order to reach these defined economic loss levels. It is thought that the results obtained from this study will be a reference for the development of sustainable water loss management strategies and their implementation in the field.Öğe Development and Implementation of a Novel Assessment System for Water Utilities in Strategic Water Loss Management(Asce-Amer Soc Civil Engineers, 2023) Firat, Mahmut; Bozkurt, Cansu; Ates, Abdullah; Yilmaz, Salih; Ozdemir, OzgurNumerous methods and tools have been proposed to manage water losses in water distribution systems. These methods generally involve time-consuming and costly processes. Since the dynamic structure of each system is different, the applicability of the methods should be analyzed before applying the methods. In this study, a novel system is developed to analyze the current condition of utility and to assess the data quality and current implementation level of water loss management (WLM) practices. This system consists of a total of 144 WLM components under eight main categories. Pilot utilities are selected to test the feasibility of the developed model and analyze its behavior in the field. Weaknesses and strengths within the scope of WLM are defined separately for each utility. It was understood that the model developed takes into account the dynamic structure of each utility, is applicable in the field, and presents the current condition in a realistic way. It is thought that the developed model will create a reference, especially for practitioners and decision makers in the field, and will provide important benefits in the scope of WLM.Öğe DISTRICT METERED AREAS FOR WATER LOSS MANAGEMENT IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS(Yildiz Technical Univ, 2020) Durmuscelebi, Fatih Mehmet; Ozdemir, Ozgur; Firat, MahmutReducing and managing the leaks and identifying the most appropriate strategy could be seen as the most fundamental problem for water administrations. The aim of this study is to discuss the importance of DMA for the management, reduction and control of water losses based on the system components and to evaluate the advantages of the DMA and the expected benefits. The answer to the question of Why is DMA necessary in water management? has been investigated based on the results emphasized from the literature studies and the field application. It may be emphasized that DMA could be an important tool in terms of accurate and sustainable measurement of data required for monitoring the system performance. It could be said that DMA is necessary to provide customer management, to recognize, detect the unreported leaks, to determine the most appropriate pressure management and to define the most appropriate strategy in water management.Öğe Evaluation of technical performance of pipes in water distribution systems by analytic hierarchy process(Elsevier, 2018) Kilinc, Yusuf; Ozdemir, Ozgur; Orhan, Cansu; Firat, MahmutPipes with in poor condition in water distribution systems cause significant operational problems and water losses. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the technical performance of these pipes. In this study, the evaluation of technical performance of the individual water pipes by Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) according to various main-factors such physical, environmental and operational and sub-factors is aimed. The weight coefficients for the physical, environmental and operational main factors were calculated as, 0.43, 0.14 and 0.43, respectively. Physical Factor Score (PFS), Environmental Factor Score (EFS) and Operational Factor Score (EFS) were calculated to define the technical evaluation score of the water pipes. Finally, the Performance Evaluation Score (PES) was calculated using the weights and scores of the PFS, EFS and OFS and applied for 17 individual water pipes selected for testing the technical performance. It was determined that the structural condition and performance of ACP and PVC pipes was bad and the risk of damage was high. It is considered that the AHP model developed may be an important tool in the technical evaluation of pipes for water supply utilities.Öğe Identification of the priority regions in the customer water meters replacement using the AHP and ELECTRE methods(Yildiz Technical Univ, 2021) Yilmaz, Salih; Firat, Mahmut; Bozkurt, Cansu; Ozdemir, OzgurThe aim of this study is to determine the priority areas in the meter replacement or rehabilitation by using an integrated methodology combining the AHP and ELECTRE I methods to reduce the non-revenue water. For this, a total of 7 criteria such as the Water Consumption Rate, Mean Meter Age, Faulty Water Meter Ratio, Region Population Rate, Customer Loyalty Percentage, Average Operating Pressure and Calibrated Age were considered. The AHP method was applied to calculate the weights of the criteria and then a model based on weights of criteria was developed using the ELECTRE I method. The model based on AHP and ELEC-TRE I methods was applied by taking into account the field data records for 7 criteria and the priority regions in water meter replacement were determined. This study will make significant contributions in the scope of minimizing the losses caused by the meters, reducing the costs in meter management and making the most benefit in meter replacement.Öğe MINIMUM-COST DESIGN OF WATER DISTRIBUTION LINE WITH DIFFERENTIAL EVOLUTION ALGORITHM(Yildiz Technical Univ, 2017) Ozdemir, Ozgur; Bettemir, Onder Halis; Firat, MahmutIn this study, a design approach which minimizes the construction and operation costs of water distribution line with differential evolution algorithm is proposed. Digital Elevation Model, monthly water demand, technical codes and unit prices of construction items are defined to optimization module in order to realize the cost optimum design. Pump, pipe diameter and type are defined as design variables. Construction cost of the design is computed by the unit price of the cost items. To determine the annual operation costs, flow is computed according to the Darcy-Weisbach equations. Pumping duration is determined and annual energy cost is computed. Net present value of the investment is computed by considering the time value of the money which is evaluated by the debt interest rate. Minimum-cost design alternative is searched by differential evolution algorithm. As a result, the best pump and pipe combination is obtained and summation of the construction and operation costs are minimized. Minimization of the sum of the investment and operation costs may provide the opportunity of significant improvement in the budget of the municipalities in the long run. Consequently, implementation of the proposed design approach will be beneficial for the local authorities.Öğe A Novel Strategic Water Loss Management Model and Its Optimization with Harris Hawk Algorithm(Springer, 2024) Bozkurt, Cansu; Ates, Abdullah; Firat, Mahmut; Yilmaz, Salih; Ozdemir, OzgurWater loss management (WLM) in water distribution systems (WDSs) is generally time consuming, costly and difficult. Therefore, the most appropriate methodology should be defined based on the current status, requirements and technical capacity of the utilities. In this study, a novel WLM model was developed to improve the WLM practices, to define the most appropriate and applicable targets and to determine the components that need to be improved primarily using the Harris Hawk Optimization (HHO) algorithm. Firstly, a total of 144 components in the CSAS proposed by Bozkurt et al. (Welcome Sigma J Eng Natural Sci 40:1-13, 2022b) are scored in three utilities. The averages of current scores in utilities are 3.4167, 2.9792 and 1.1597, respectively. Then the most appropriate targets were defined with the optimization algorithm by considering the current situation and the dynamic structure of utility. The target scores defined by optimization model in utilities are 4.4097, 4.3958 and 3.2292, respectively. This novel model will contribute to the prevention of time-consuming and costly processes by determining the most appropriate progress. It is thought that this study will provide significant benefits for creating a road map for practitioners in WLM.Öğe Using solar photovoltaic energy in urban water supply systems: a case study in Kayseri, Turkey(Iwa Publishing, 2022) Sekmen, Ufuk; Yildiz, Omer Faruk; Yilmaz, Mehmet; Ozdemir, OzgurSubmersible pumps, widely used in deep wells drilled to meet the water needs of users in urban areas, add an additional load to the conventional electricity grid infrastructure and are responsible for increasing the concentration of greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere. The main objective of this study is to investigate the technical and economic feasibility of using solar photovoltaic (PV) energy to reduce the net power drawn from the grid by submersible pumps in urban water supply systems. The Germiralti catchment area (Kayseri, Turkey), which provides all of its energy needs from the city electricity grid, was chosen as the research area. Two different scenarios, 'hybrid-powered water pumping system' and 'grid-connected PV system', were analyzed and evaluated. A 1,620 kWp grid-connected PV system can inject 2,787.8 MWh/year of energy into the grid, which is more than the total annual energy need of the submersible pumps. The system operates with 85.7% performance ratio (PR), 19.6% capacity factor (CF) and 4.71 (h/d) final yield. The payback period of the system is calculated as 4.1 years. The results show that it is economically competitive to meet the energy needs of submersible pumps in urban water supply systems with solar PV energy.
