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    Comparison of Effects of Three Distinct Stress Models on Anxiety- and Depression-Related Behaviors in Female Rats
    (2019) Şahin, Zafer; Koc, Aynur; Ozen Koca, Raviye; Ozkurkculer, Alpaslan; Cakan, Pinar; Gormus Solak, Z. Isik; Kutlu, Selim
    Abstract: Objective The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of three distinct stress protocols on anxiety/depression-related behaviors in adult female rats.( Sakarya Med J 2019, 9(1): 131-140 )Materialsand MethodsAdult Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=8/ group) as control, immobilization stress-1 (daily 45 minutes) immobilization stress-2 (daily twice 45minutes) and social isolation (rats were housed in a metabolic cage). Stress protocols were performed for a period of 10 days. When the animals were in diestrus, anxiety anddepression-like behaviors were evaluated by the open field test and forced swimming test, respectively. Anxiety and depression tests were repeated after a 10-day rest period.Results In the open field test, a percentage of time spent in the central area was lower in the immobilization stress-2 and social isolation (p<0.05) groups and total distance was lowerin the immobilization stress-1 (p<0.01) and the social isolation groups (p<0.05). Rearing score was lower in the social isolation group (p<0.05). Swimming behaviors werelower (p<0.01), and immobility durations were higher (p<0.05) in the immobilization stress-1 and social isolation groups. In the second tests, time spent in the central areawas lower in the immobilization stress-1 (p<0.05) and the immobilization stress-2 (p<0.01) groups. Swimming behaviors were lower and immobility behaviors were higherin the immobilization stress-1 group (p<0.001) and the social isolation group (p<0.01 and p<0.001, respectively).Conclusion We suggest that depression-like behaviors are more dominant in the immobilization stress-1 and social isolation groups of adult female rats because the depression-relatedresults of these two groups are valid both after the stress period and after the rest period.
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    Long-term metabolic cage housing increases anxiety/depression-related behaviours in adult male rats
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2019) Sahin, Zafer; Solak, Hatice; Koc, Aynur; Koca, Raviye Ozen; Ozkurkculer, Alpaslan; Cakan, Pinar; Gormus, Zulfikare Isik Solak
    There are several reports on unfavourable effects of metabolic cage housing on animal welfare mainly due to the characteristic structures of these cages such as single housing and grid flooring. This study was aimed to compare the effects of long-term metabolic cage housing and conventional housing (normal grouped housing in standard cages) on the anxiety/depression-like behaviours in male rats. Anxiety/depression-related behaviours were evaluated by use of forced swimming test and open field test. Swimming and climbing were significantly lower and immobility duration higher in the metabolic cage group. In the open field test, total distance, mean velocity, time spent in the central area, zone transition, grooming, and rearing scores were significantly lower in the metabolic cage. Moreover, serum corticosterone level was higher in the metabolic cage group. The results of the study indicate that long-term metabolic cage housing may cause an increase in the anxiety- and depression-related behaviours in male rats.