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    The inducing of caspase and Bcl-2 pathway with royal jelly decreases the muscle tissue damage exposed with fluoride in rats
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2022) Aslan, Abdullah; Can, Muhammed Ismail; Gok, Ozlem; Beyaz, Seda; Parlak, Gozde; Ozercan, Ibrahim Hanifi
    In this study, 42 Wistar albino male rats (n = 42, 8 weeks old) were used. Rats were divided into 6 groups and 7 rats included each group. Groups: (i) Control group: Standard diet; (ii) RJ (royal jelly) group: Standard diet + royal jelly; (iii) F50 group: Standard diet + 50 mg/kg fluoride; (iv): F100 group: Standard diet + 100 mg/kg fluoride; (v) F50+RJ group: Standard diet + 50 mg/kg fluoride + royal jelly; (vi): F100+RJ group: Standard diet + 100 mg/kg fluoride + royal jelly. After 8 weeks, the rats were decapitated, and their muscle tissues were removed. Expression levels of Caspase-3, Caspase-6, Bax, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 1 alpha (IL1-alpha) and Bcl-2 proteins in muscle tissue were determined by western blotting method. Histopathological analyses were also performed on the muscle tissue. Malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) analyses were determined by a spectrophotometer. According to the obtained results, Bcl-2, TNF-alpha and IL1-alpha protein expression was increased in damage groups compared to the control and royal jelly groups, while Caspase-3, Caspase-6 and Bax protein expression levels decreased in damage groups. MDA level increased in damage groups compared to the control and royal jelly groups, while CAT and GSH levels increased with royal jelly application in royal jelly-given group in comparison to the flouride-exposed group. According to histopathological analysis results, edema and inflammatory cell formations were found in the injury groups, a tendency to decrease in these injuries was observed in the treatment groups. Based on these results, we can say that royal jelly has protective effects on muscle tissue against fluoride damage.
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    A new approach on the regulation of NF-?B and Bax protein signaling pathway activation by royal jelly in fluoride-induced pancreas damage in rats
    (Churchill Livingstone, 2022) Aslan, Abdullah; Can, Muhammed Ismail; Beyaz, Seda; Gok, Ozlem; Parlak, Gozde; Gundogdu, Ramazan; Ozercan, Ibrahim Hanifi
    Forty-two healthy adult male rats (Wistar albino, n = 42, 8 weeks old, starting weights 200-250 g) employed in this study were subdivided into six groups randomly with seven rats per group as follows: (i) Control group: received standard diet; (ii) RJ group: received standard diet supplemented with royal jelly; (iii) F50 group: received standard diet supplemented with fluoride (50 mg/kg BW); (iv) F100 group: received standard diet supplemented with fluoride (100 mg/kg BW); (v) F50 +RJ group: received standard diet supplemented with fluoride (50 mg/kg BW) and royal jelly; (iv) F100 +RJ group: received standard diet supplemented with fluoride (100 mg/kg BW) and royal jelly. The study continued for a total of eight weeks. Western blot analysis was conducted to determine the post-translational expression levels of NF-kappa B, Bax, Bcl-2, TNF-alpha, Caspase-3 and Caspase-6 proteins in pancreas tissue. The pancreatic tissue was subjected to histopathological evaluation. Furthermore, MDA, GSH and CAT activities were examined by spectrophotometric analyzes. Our findings demonstrate that, compared to the control and RJ groups, Bcl-2 protein expression was augmented and, conversely, Caspase-6, Caspase-3 and Bax protein levels were decreased upon fluoride treatment. A statistically significant increase in TNF-alpha and NF-kappa B protein expressions was observed in the groups with fluoride-induced damage compared to the control and RJ groups. The MDA levels were increased in all fluoride-treated rats compared to those in the control and RJ groups, whereas the CAT and GSH activities were reduced in all rats with fluoride-induced damage. Although there was not a great difference between the groups regarding histopath-ological findings, there was a tendency to decrease in the rate of damage upon royal jelly treatment.
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    Protective effect of royal jelly on fluoride-induced nephrotoxicity in rats via the some protein biomarkers signalling pathways: a new approach for kidney damage
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2022) Aslan, Abdullah; Beyaz, Seda; Gok, Ozlem; Can, Muhammed Ismail; Parlak, Gozde; Gundogdu, Ramazan; Ozercan, Ibrahim Hanifi
    Introduction Protective effect of royal jelly (RJ) on fluoride-induced nephrotoxicity was investigated in this study. Methods 42 healthy male Wistar rats (n = 42, 8 weeks of age) were divided equally into 6 groups with 7 rats in each; (1) Group-1: Controls fed with standard diet; (2) Group-2: RJ [100 mg/kg] bw (body weight), by oral gavage; (3) Group-3: Fluoride [50 mg/kg] bw, in drinking water; (4) Group-4: Fluoride [100 mg/kg] bw, in drinking water; (5) Group-5: RJ [100 mg/kg] bw, by oral gavage + Fluoride [50 mg/kg] bw, in drinking water; (6) Group-6: RJ [100 mg/kg] bw, by oral gavage + Fluoride [100 mg/kg] bw, in drinking water. After 8 weeks, all rats were decapitated and their kidney tissues were removed for further analysis. The protein expression levels of caspase-3, caspase-6, caspase-9, Bcl-2, Bax, VEGF, GSK-3, BDNF, COX-2 and TNF-alpha proteins in kidney tissue were analysed by western blotting technique Results RJ increased Bcl-2, COX-2, GSK-3, TNF-alpha and VEGF protein levels and a decreased caspase-3, caspase -6, caspase-9, Bax and BDNF protein levels in fluoride-treated rats. Conclusion RJ application may have a promising therapeutical potential in the treatment of many diseases in the future by reducing kidney damage.
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    Royal jelly abrogates flouride-induced oxidative damage in rat heart tissue by activating of the nrf-2/NF-?B and bcl-2/bax pathway
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2021) Aslan, Abdullah; Beyaz, Seda; Gok, Ozlem; Can, Muhammed Ismail; Parlak, Gozde; Ozercan, Ibrahim Hanifi; Gundogdu, Ramazan
    Royal jelly is known to strengthen memory, provide antioxidative, antidiabetic, antitumor, anticancer, antibacterial, antiinflammatory, antihypertensive. In this study, 42 rats (n = 42) were used, and these rats were divided into 6 groups of 7 rats each. Groups: (i) Control Group: Group fed with standard diet; (ii) Royal Jelly (RJ) Group: RJ (100 mg/kg bw, gavage); (iii) F50 Group: Fluoride (50 mg/kg bw, drinking water); (iv) F100 Group: F (100 mg/kg bw, drinking water); (v) F50 + RJ Group: F (50 mg/kg bw, drinking water) + RJ (100 mg/kg bw, gavage); (vi) F100 + RJ Group: F (100 mg/kg bw, drinking water) + RJ (100 mg/kg bw, gavage). The rats were decapitated after 8 weeks, and their heart tissues were taken and examined. Lipid peroxidation by MDA (malondialdehyde) analyzes, GSH (glutathione) level and catalase activity were determined by spectrophotometer. Protein expression levels of caspase-3, caspase-6, caspase-9, Bcl-2, Bax, BDNF, Gsk-3, Nrf-2 and NF-kappa B proteins in heart tissue were determined by western blotting technique and hearth tissue evaluated by histopathologically. As a result, MDA levels, Bcl-2, Gsk-3 and NF-kappa B protein expression levels were reduced, whereas GSH levels, caspase-3, caspase-9, caspase-6, Bax, BDNF and Nrf-2 protein levels were increased in the F50 + RJ and F100 + RJ groups compared to the F50 and F100 groups. According to the results of this study, it has been concluded that Royal jelly has the potential to be developed in to a drug for treatment of heart diseases in addition to providing protection against heart damage.
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    Royal jelly arranges apoptotic and oxidative stress pathways and reduces damage to liver tissues of rats by down-regulation of Bcl-2, GSK3 and NF-?B and up-regulation of caspase and Nrf-2 protein signalling pathways
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2023) Aslan, Abdullah; Gok, Ozlem; Beyaz, Seda; Parlak, Gozde; Can, Muhammed Ismail; Gundogdu, Ramazan; Baspinar, Serpil
    Introduction: Royal jelly (RJ) from the honey bee, Apis mellifera, is a traditional product that is widely used as a food supplement to support the medical treatment of various diseases. Material and methods: Our study continued for 8 weeks. 42 Wistar albino (8 weeks old) male rats were used in the study. The study included 6 groups; Group 1: Control group (fed with standard diet), Group 2: RJ (100 mg/kg, bw), Group 3: F-50 (50 mg/kg, bw), group 4: F-100 (100 mg/kg, bw) group 5: F-50 (50 mg/kg, bw) + RJ (100 mg/kg, bw) Group 6: F-100 (100 mg/kg, bw) + RJ (100 mg/kg, bw). Malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) activities in liver tissue were determined by spectrophotometer. Liver tissue samples were examined histopathologically and various protein levels were determined by Western blotting technique. Results: RJ caused a significant decrease in MDA level, Bcl-2, GSK3 and NF-kappa B protein expression levels, whereas induced a significant increase in GSH level, CAT activities and Bax, BDNF, caspase-6, caspase-3, Nrf-2 protein expression levels. Conclusion: Our findings suggest RJ to be used as a hepatoprotective agent in the clinic to modulate the toxic effects of fluoride and other chemicals in the future.
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    Royal jelly protects brain tissue against fluoride-induced damage by activating Bcl-2/NF-?B/caspase-3/caspase-6/Bax and Erk signaling pathways in rats
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2023) Aslan, Abdullah; Beyaz, Seda; Gok, Ozlem; Parlak, Gozde; Can, Muhammed Ismail; Agca, Can Ali; Ozercan, Ibrahim Hanifi
    This study is aimed at determining whether royal jelly (RJ) which has a powerful antioxidant property prevents fluoride-induced brain tissue damage and exploring whether Bcl-2/NF-kappa B/ and caspase-3/caspase-6/Bax/Erk pathways play a critical role in the neuroprotective effect of RJ. Wistar albino rats were chosen for the study, and they were randomly distributed into six groups: (i) control; (ii) royal jelly; (iii) fluoride-50; (iv) fluoride-100; (v) fluoride-50 + royal jelly; (vi) fluoride-100 + royal jelly. We established fluoride-induced brain tissue damage with 8-week-old male Wistar albino rats by administration of fluoride exposure (either 50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg bw) through drinking water for 8 weeks. Then, the study duration is for 56 days where the rats were treated with or without RJ (100 mg/kg bw) through oral gavage. The effects of RJ on glutathione (GSH), catalase activity (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined via spectrophotometer. Western blot analysis was performed to investigate the effects of royal jelly on the protein expression levels of Bax, caspase-3, caspase-6, Bcl-2, NF-kappa B, COX-2, and Erk. It was also studied the effects of RJ on histopathological alterations in fluoride-induced damage to the rat brain. As a result, the Bcl-2, NF-kappa B, and COX-2 protein expression levels were increased in the fluoride-treated (50 and 100 mg/kg) groups but they were decreased significantly by RJ treatment in the brain tissue. Additionally, the protein expression of caspase-3, caspase-6, Bax, and Erk were decreased in fluoride-treated groups and they were significantly increased by RJ treatment compared to the un-treated rats. Our results suggested that RJ prevented fluoride-induced brain tissue damage through anti-antioxidant activities.
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    Royal jelly regulates the caspase, Bax and COX-2, TNF-? protein pathways in the fluoride exposed lung damage in rats
    (Churchill Livingstone, 2022) Aslan, Abdullah; Gok, Ozlem; Beyaz, Seda; Can, Muhammed Ismail; Parlak, Gozde; Gundogdu, Ramazan; Ozercan, Ibrahim Hanifi
    The study was carried out on 42 male rats divided into six groups with 7 rats in each group: two control groups, two injury groups and two treatment groups. One of the control groups received a basal diet while the other one was fed a basal diet supplemented with royal jelly (RJ) (100 mg/kg). The two injury groups were given 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg fluoride, respectively. The two treatment groups exposed to 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg fluoride were both fed basal diets with RJ (100 mg/kg). Lungs were taken for histopathological examination. Spectrophotometric analysis was utilized to determine Malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) activities, and Western blotting technique was used to evaluate the levels of specific proteins. On one hand, our experiments revealed that RJ caused decreased MDA levels, and downregulation of COX-2, Bcl-2, GSK3 and TNF?? protein expressions. On the other hand, rolay jelly caused augmented GSH and CAT activities, as well as upregulated Bax, BDNF, caspase-3, caspase-6, caspase-9 protein expressions in rats injuried by the fluoride exposure. The results suggest that the application of RJ was very likely to have a healing effect on the degenerative changes seen in the examined tissue.