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    Effects of resistance training on fitness parameters in older adults: a systematic review
    (H.S. Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University, 2025) Ilic, Tamara; Mijalkovic, Stefan; Stojanovic, Stefan; Ilbak, Ismail; Pavlovic, Ratko; Radulovic, Nikola; Vrcic, Mensur
    Background and purpose Physical activity has been shown to produce numerous beneficial effects, including improved cardiovascular function, reduced body fat percentage, increased muscular strength, enhanced endurance, and greater flexibility. Accordingly, physical activity is considered a crucial factor in enhancing the quality of life in older adults. The aim of this study was to analyze literature that investigates the effects of resistance training on fitness parameters in older adults. Material and methods A systematic search was conducted using databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and Research Gate, focusing on studies published between 2015 and December 31, 2024. Keywords used included: elderly, physical fitness, strength training, health outcomes. The inclusion criteria comprised original scientific studies, tested at least one measure of fitness parameters and involving older adult participants and experimental interventions with resistance training. A total of 17 studies met the criteria and were analyzed in detail. Results The findings indicate that resistance training regardless of intensity level (low, moderate, or high) has a consistently positive effect on muscle strength, endurance, flexibility, cardiovascular function, body composition, balance, and overall functional mobility in older individuals. Training modalities included the use of weights, bodyweight exercises, resistance bands, and unstable surfaces. The frequency of interventions ranged from 8 weeks to 2.3 years, with training frequency mostly between two and three sessions per week. Studies combining resistance training with balance training or aerobic exercises demonstrated additional benefits. Conclusions The reviewed evidence suggests that resistance training is an effective and safe strategy for improving the physical fitness and health of older adults, potentially reducing the risk of falls and chronic diseases. It is recommended that resistance training be incorporated into regular physical activity routines, ideally alongside aerobic and flexibility exercises, to maximize overall health outcomes in the aging population. © Ilic T, Mijalkovic S, Stefan Stojanovic S, Ilbak I, Pavlovic R, Nikola Radulovic N, Vrcic M, Nikolic S., 2025.
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    Gender differences in hand grip strength of children in Bosnia and Herzegovina aged 11 to 14 years. A cross - sectional study
    (Romanian Assoc Balneology, 2023) Pavlovic, Ratko; Joksimovic, Marko; Eken, Ozgur; Radulovic, Nikola; Badau, Dana
    Hand grip strength (HGS) serves as a multifaceted and critical parameter within the domain of motor function and is widely recognized as a pivotal aspect in the comprehensive evaluation of the development of school-aged children. The aim of the research was to determine the values of HGS, the trend of changes and differences between boys and girls aged 11-14 years from Bosnia and Herzegovina. A cross-sectional survey was conducted on a sample of 585 students. The subsample was divided into 307 boys (11y = 81; 12y = 87; 13y = 77; 14y = 62) and 278 girls (11y = 66; 12y = 83; 13 y =79; 14y = 50). Hand muscle strength was measured using the method of isometric dynamometry in laboratory conditions, with a standardized test - Hand grip (according to the American Society of Hand Therapists). The force achieved during the maximum hand grip (dynamometry) was measured with a digital hand dynamometer CAMRY-EH101, USA. Statistically significant differences between male and female respondents were confirmed (for age 12, T = -2.651, p<0.009; for age 13, T =-5.178; p<0.000; for age 14, T =-7.124; p<0.000). In both sexes, the dominance of the strength of the right (dominant) hand than left (non-dominant) hand is evident. The study confirmed a positive trend of strength development in both sexes, as well as gender differences in the HGS test between children aged 12 to 14 years.
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    Impact of walking on cardiovascular health in adults and older adults: A systematic review
    (Revista Insuficiencia Cardiaca, 2024) Lbak, Ismail; Ilic, Tamara; Stojanovic, Stefan; Pavlovic, Ratko; Radulovic, Nikola; Gerdijan, Nikolina; Kylymnyk, Irina
    This systematic review evaluates how walking affects cardiovascular health in adults and older adults. By examining different types and durations of walking and their impact on cardiovascular parameters, it synthesizes evidence from current studies. Following PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane, MEDLINE, and Web of Science using predefined keywords, yielding 15 articles that met the inclusion criteria. Overall, the findings show that walking has predominantly beneficial effects on cardiovascular health and contributes to the prevention of cardiovascular disease, especially in older individuals. Low-to moderate-intensity walking is particularly associated with favorable cardiovascular changes. However, the lack of significant benefits in some studies appears to be related to individual variability and differences in walking frequency, duration, and protocol design. Future research should prioritize longer-term interventions with walking programs adapted to individual characteristics to obtain clearer and more generalizable results.
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    IMPROVEMENT IN 50-METER FREESTYLE SWIMMING SPEED FOLLOWING 6 WEEKS OF PLYOMETRIC TRAINING IN 12-13 YEARS OLD
    (Pan - European University Apeiron, 2025) Hartoto, Setiyo; Prakoso, Bayu Budi; Khory, Fifukha Dwi; Ridwan, Mochamad; Arni, Rita; Eken, Ozgur; Pavlovic, Ratko
    Swimming is a fantastic sport to enjoy at all ages, but increasing swimming speed requires proper training. This research aims to determine the effect of 6 weeks of plyometrics exercise on 50-meter freestyle swimming in the 12-13 age group. This study follows a pre-experimental research design, specifically utilizing a One Group pretest-posttest design. The participants in this research were drawn from the Arwana Swimming Club in Bangkalan, East Java, Indonesia male swimmers aged 12-13 with 20 participants. The Plyometric Training Program was implemented for 6 weeks, scheduled for three days each week. The results obtained from this study indicate a significant value of 0.00, which is less than 0.05. The mean values of the pretest (50.1545) and the posttest (49.264). This conclusion shows that there was an improvement in swimming speed, as evidenced by the lower time recorded in the posttest. Therefore, from this research, 6 weeks of plyometric exercises have a significant effect on the performance of 50-meter freestyle swimming in the 12-13 age group. Consequently, it is recommended that training programs be tailored to address the unique needs of male and female swimmers. © 2025, Pan - European University Apeiron. All rights reserved.
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    Investigation of maximal strength performance in terms of training time routine
    (Iermakov S S, 2024) Ilbak, Ismail; Eken, Ozgur; Stojanovic, Stefan; Joksimovic, Marko; Pavlovic, Ratko; Radulovic, Nikola
    Background and Study Aim In recent years, there has been a growing interest in understanding the relationship between daily training time, circadian rhythms, and athletic performance. The connection between daily training time, circadian rhythms, and athletic performance continues to be a subject of research debate. Therefore, the aim of this research is to investigate whether maximal strength performance is affected by daily training time routines. Material and Methods This cross-sectional study involved a total of 36 male bodybuilding athletes, who were divided into three equal groups (n=12); Noon Group, Afternoon Group, and Evening Group. The distinguishing feature amongst the groups was that they had been training at different times of the day for the past 6 months, and within each group, athletes had been training at the same time of day (Noon Group 12:00-14:00; Afternoon Group 17:00-19:00; Evening Group 21:00-23:00). A one -repetition maximum squat test was administered to each group with there being a 72 -hour interval between the tests. Results The findings from the research indicate that there is a relationship between athletes' daily training time routines and maximal strength performance. Athletes perform at their best during the time that corresponds to their daily training routine. The analysis reveals a statistically significant advantage in 1-RM squat performance for athletes adhering to their daily training time routines at various times of the day (p <0.001). Notably, Group Noon, Group Afternoon, and Group Evening achieved their highest 1-RM squat performance when following their respective daily training time routines. Conclusions Results underscore the importance of aligning training schedules with athletes' natural rhythms, enhancing performance optimization strategies. It is believed that effective planning for training time by coaches and conditioning experts, taking into account competition times, would be a valuable strategy.
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    The Relationship Between a Sustainable Healthy Lifestyle and Depression, Stress, and Anxiety: A Structural Model on the Mediating Role of Physical Literacy
    (Mdpi, 2025) Akarsu, Mehmet; Ilbak, Ismail; Cavusoglu, Zeliha; Pavlovic, Ratko; Vulpe, Ana Maria; Slicaru, Adina Camelia; Voinea, Nicolae Lucian
    Background: It is well established that healthy lifestyle behaviors have significant effects not only on physical health but also on psychological well-being; however, the underlying mechanisms of these effects have yet to be fully elucidated. In this context, the aim of this study is to examine the relationships between a sustainable healthy lifestyle and levels of depression, stress, and anxiety, and to test the mediating role of physical literacy in these associations. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among university students in Malatya, T & uuml;rkiye, and a total of 652 voluntary participants were included. In the theoretical model of the study, a sustainable healthy lifestyle was positioned as the independent variable, depression, stress, and anxiety as dependent variables, and physical literacy as the mediating variable. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling with bootstrapping to assess mediation effects. Results: Results obtained from the structural equation modeling indicate that a sustainable healthy lifestyle has significant and protective relationships with psychological well-being. Negative and significant relationships were identified between a sustainable healthy lifestyle and levels of depression, stress, and anxiety. Furthermore, higher levels of physical literacy were associated with lower levels of these psychological symptoms, with physical literacy playing a strong mediating role in these relationships. The model results revealed that lifestyle components such as regular physical activity, balanced nutrition, and sufficient sleep enhance individuals' physical competence and awareness. Physical literacy was also found to have a significant negative relationship with depression, stress, and anxiety. Conclusions: These results indicate that physical literacy is a key variable not only for physical functioning but also for psychological resilience and well-being. Moreover, the impact of a sustainable healthy lifestyle on psychological symptoms appears to be largely mediated through physical literacy.