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    Association between 2D:4D ratios and sprinting, change of direction ability, aerobic fitness, and cumulative workloads in elite youth soccer players
    (Bmc, 2023) Nobari, Hadi; Eken, Ozgur; Prieto-Gonzalez, Pablo; Oliveira, Rafael; Brito, Joao Paulo
    BackgroundThe aim of this study was two-fold: (i) to determine the correlation between 2D:4D, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), body fat percentage (BF%), maximum heart rate (HRmax), change of direction (COD), and accumulated acute and chronic workload variables; (ii) to verify if the length of the second digit divided by fourth digit (2D:4D) can explain fitness variables and accumulated training load.MethodsTwenty elite young football players (age: 13.26 +/- 0.19 years; height: 165.8 +/- 11.67 cm; body mass: 50.70 +/- 7.56 kg; VO2max, 48.22 +/- 2.29 ml.kg(- 1).min(- 1)) participated in the present study. Anthropometric and body composition variables (e.g., height, body mass, sitting height, age, BF%, body mass index, right and left finger 2D:4D ratios) were measured. The following fitness tests were also conducted: 30 - 15 Intermittent Fitness Test (VO2max and HRmax), COD (5-0-5 agility test), and speed (10-30msprint test. HRmax and the training load were also measured and monitored using the Rate of Perceived Exertion during the 26 weeks.ResultsThere were associations between HRmax and VO2max, between 2D and 4D lengths and Left and Right hand ratios. Also, in AW with Right and Left 4D. The CW and de ACWR with the Right 4D. There were other associations between physical test variables and workload variables.ConclusionsUnder-14 soccer players with low right and left-hand 2D:4D ratios did not perform better in the selected fitness tests to assess VO2max, COD, or sprint ability. However, it cannot be ruled out that the absence of statistically significant results may be related to the small sample size and the maturational heterogeneity of the participants.
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    Associations among Maturity, Accumulated Workload, Physiological, and Body Composition Factors in Youth Soccer Players: A Comparison between Playing Positions
    (Mdpi, 2022) Nobari, Hadi; Eken, Ozgur; Prieto-Gonzalez, Pablo; Brito, Joao Paulo; Oliveira, Rafael
    Simple Summary Considering the importance of the biological statuses of young soccer players, maturity offset could be essential for better physiological and body composition characterization of young athletes, and consequently, better load adjustment. Moreover, the knowledge about playing position differences and maturity statuses would increase the knowledge available to prescribe the proper intensity in training. Therefore, the present study examined the relationship among maturation variables such as peak height velocity, maturity offset, body composition, sprint ability, heart rate, and maximal oxygen consumption measures with variations in accumulated training loads in elite young soccer players. The main findings revealed that playing position did not influence any body composition measures, but there were differences in sprinting where central midfielders showed higher abilities. In addition, the maturity statuses and maximal oxygen consumptions were not positively associated with accumulated loads across the season. In opposition to previous research, the present study did not confirm the expected results, which suggests that the research could be influenced by the characteristics and environments of the soccer teams. The purposes of this study were: (i) to analyze the correlation between accumulated workload (AW)-based on season periods-with maturity, linear sprints, maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max), maximum heart rate, and body composition; and (ii) to compare the playing positions based on the mentioned parameters. Twenty-one elite soccer players under the age of 14 participated in the study. They were divided into five groups based on playing positions. The in-season weekly AW was recorded for 26 weeks into two separated periods of 13 weeks (AW-1 and AW-2). Similarly, the following parameters were assessed: body mass, standing and sitting height, body mass index, body fat percentage, maturity offset, age at peak height velocity (PHV), sprinting ability (10 m and 30 m), and VO2max. The main significant differences between playing positions were found for weight, height, sitting height, and sprinting at 10 m and 30 m. No correlation was observed between AW (based on periods) and maturity or between VO2max and AW-2. AW-1 denoted a large positive correlation with AW-2. AW-1 had a moderate negative correlation with VO2max, whereas PHV and maturity presented a strong negative correlation. Young soccer players' maturity statuses and fitness levels do not imply differences between AW-1 and AW-2. However, the higher the AW in the first half of the season, the higher the AW in the second half. The absence of significant differences between player positions could be associated with the similar training regardless of the playing position. Moreover, soccer positively influences performance in short sprints (10 m), midfielders being the fastest.
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    Comparison of echocardiographic parameters of amputee football players with active football players and sedentary individuals
    (Bmc, 2023) Kurtoglu, Ahmet; Kurtoglu, Ertugrul; Konar, Nurettin; Car, Bekir; Eken, Ozgur; Prieto-Gonzalez, Pablo; Nobari, Hadi
    BackgroundThe purpose of this study is to compare the echocardiographic (ECHO) parameters of amputee football players (AF) with those of athletes without a disability (football players) (FP), and sedentary individuals (SI).MethodsA total of 37 male participants (nAF = 12, nFP = 12, nSI = 13) were included in the study. All participants underwent a transthoracic echocardiographic examination. Aortic diameter in systole (ADs), aortic diameter in diastole (ADd), isovolumic contraction time (IVCT), isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), early (E) and late (A) wave velocities, myocardial systolic (S), early diastolic (E'), and late diastolic (A') myocardial rates, interventricular septal thickness (IVS), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVDd) and left ventricular end-systole diameter (LVDs), left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPWd), left atrial diameter (LAD), and ascending aortic diameter (AAD) were measured.ResultsLVDd, E' were lower in AF than in FP. In contrast, LVDs, LVPWd, and A wave were higher in AF than in FP. When AF and SI groups were compared, ADs, LVPWd, A wave, IVRT, and S wave were higher in AF than in SI. ANOVA test showed a statistically significant difference between groups in LVPWd, A-wave, and E' wave. TTE data indicate that some parameters in AF differ from those observed in healthy individuals. The smaller LVEED diameter and higher PWT were found in AF.ConclusionsAlthough within normal limits, some ECHO parameters in the AF group differed from those without disability. Future studies should further investigate these differences using different and detailed measurement methods.
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    Emotional and Social Outcomes of the Teaching Personal and Social Responsibility Model in Physical Education: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    (Mdpi, 2024) Aygun, Yalin; Boke, Hulusi; Yagin, Fatma Hilal; Tufekci, Sakir; Murathan, Talha; Gencay, Ertugrul; Prieto-Gonzalez, Pablo
    Context: In today's ever-changing world, fostering personal and social responsibility is essential for building strong and compassionate communities. This study aimed to provide a quantitative synthesis focusing on the emotional and social outcomes of Teaching Personal and Social Responsibility (TPSR) model-based Physical Education (PE) programs. Methods: A comprehensive literature review covering the period from November 2022 to September 2023 identified 637 articles published between 2005 and 2023. Of these, 20 met the inclusion criteria. Data from these articles were coded, and a comprehensive meta-analysis was conducted, incorporating 28 effect sizes. Methodological quality was assessed using the Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument. Hedge's g served as the effect size measure and emotional and social outcomes subgroups were consolidated. Heterogeneity was evaluated with Cochran's Q and I2. Meta-regression and ANOVA-like models addressed categorical moderators, whereas publication bias was assessed through funnel plot, failsafe number, and Egger's linear regression. Results: A significant and positive effect of the TPSR model on product outcomes (Hedge's g = 0.337, 95% CI = 0.199 to 0.476) was found. Despite considerable heterogeneity (I2 = 83.830), a random effects model was justified. Assessment of publication bias indicated a low likelihood. Moderator analyses revealed that publication countries significantly influenced the effect, with stronger effects in Turkey. Publication type (article vs. thesis) also played roles in moderation. The meta-regression analyses did not reveal significant effects for the grade level, duration of intervention, publication year or sample size on the TPSR model's impact on product outcomes. The TPSR model positively impacts emotional and social outcomes in PE, enhancing children' skills and behaviour. However, variations across cultures highlight the need for further research, considering limitations like language constraints and potential biases in study selection and data extraction.
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    Energy expenditure, oxygen consumption, and heart rate while exercising on seven different indoor cardio machines at maximum and self-selected submaximal intensity
    (Frontiers Media Sa, 2024) Prieto-Gonzalez, Pablo; Yagin, Fatma Hilal
    Objective One of the main objectives of practicing indoor cardiovascular exercise is to maximize caloric expenditure. This study aimed to compare energy expenditure (EE), oxygen consumption (VO2), and heart rate (HR) recorded in middle-aged adults while exercising on seven different indoor cardiovascular machines at self-selected maximal and submaximal intensity.Method Thirty recreational-active adult males (Age: 41.69 +/- 4.64) performed 12-min bouts at RPE (Rate of perceived exertion) 17 and maximum intensity (MAX INT) on the following indoor cardio machines: Recumbent bike (r_BIKE), upright bike (u-BIKE), spin bike (s-BIKE), rowing machine (ROW), elliptical trainer (ELLIP), stair climber (STAIR), and treadmill (TMILL). Heart rate (HR) and oxygen consumption (VO2) were measured during exercise, whereas EE (energy expenditure) was calculated indirectly.Results Overall, TMILL induced the highest levels of EE, VO2, and HR, followed by STAIR, ELLIP, s_BIKE, u_BIKE, ROW, and r_BIKE. RPE was reliable across exercise modalities (r_BIKE, u-BIKE, s-BIKE, ROW, ELLIP, STAIR, and TMILL) and intensities (RPE 17 and MAX INT) for EE, HR, and VO2 measurements.Conclusion To maximize EE while performing indoor cardiovascular exercise for recreational active middle-aged male participants, the TMILL is the best option, followed by the STAIR and the ELLIP. The least recommended options are, respectively, s_BIKE, u_BIKE, ROW, and r_BIKE. Beyond caloric expenditure considerations, promoting exercises that participants genuinely enjoy can enhance adherence, fostering sustained health benefits. Furthermore, RPE is a reliable tool for assessing EE, VO2, and HR across different exercise modalities and intensities.
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    Motoric performance variation from morning to evening: 80% intensity post-activation potentiation protocol impacts performance and its diurnal amplitude in basketball players
    (Frontiers Media Sa, 2022) Eken, Ozgur; Mainer-Pardos, Elena; Hilal Yagin, Fatma; Eken, Ismihan; Prieto-Gonzalez, Pablo; Nobari, Hadi
    IntroductionPost-activation potentiation (PAP) can be defined as the acute enhancement in muscle performance after preload stimulation that occurs during strength exercises or warm-up protocols, and the contractile history of any muscle group can directly influence the presented performance. The purpose of this study was to compare the results of motoric performance tests carried out at two different times of the day using three different PAP protocols. MethodsThirty-two male basketball players with at least 2 years of training experience and who competed at the national level were recruited for this study [age: 21.80 +/- 1.91 years; body height: 178.40 +/- 6.85 cm; body mass: 72.50 +/- 7.16 kg; body mass index (BMI): 22.81 +/- 2.28]. After control and experimental-specific warm-up (SWU) sessions, participants completed a countermovement jump (CMJ) and seated medicine ball throw (SMBT). The SWU protocol was developed based on the athlete's typical warm-up routine. The experimental warm-ups included the same exercises as the SWU, with one set of bench presses for five repetitions at 80% (80% PAP) and one repetition at 100% of 1 RM (100% PAP). Each of the protocols consists of 15 min. The SWU and experimental warm-up sessions were completed in a random, counterbalanced order, completed in a period of 3-weeks. ResultsAccording to the research findings, carrying out the protocols in the evening led to a larger improvement in SMBT than in the morning (F = 35.94, p < 0.001, eta(2)(p) = 0.537). Additionally, the SMBT results were statistically more significant in the group that received 80% PAP compared to the SWU (p = 0.034), and the SMBT results were also higher in the group that received 100% PAP compared to the SWU (p = 0.002). Furthermore, the interaction effect (time x PAP) was statistically significant in SMBT (F = 6.39, p = 0.003, eta(2)(p) = 0.17). DiscussionThese results may provide more particular recommendations than previously thought to basketball coaches for the planning of basketball-specific PAP exercises prior to the start of training programs.
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    Which training load indicators are greater correlated with maturation and wellness variables in elite U14 soccer players?
    (Bmc, 2024) Nobari, Hadi; Eken, Ozgur; Singh, Utkarsh; Gorouhi, Armin; Bordon, Jose Carlos Ponce; Prieto-Gonzalez, Pablo; Kurtoglu, Ahmet
    Background Monitoring of training load is done to improve physical performance and minimize the incidence of injuries. The study examined the correlation between accumulated training load parameters based on periods with maturity (i.e., maturity offset and peak height velocity -PHV- and wellness variables -e.g., stress and sleep quality-). The second aim was to analyze the multi-linear regression between the above indicators. Methods Twenty elite young U14 soccer players (M=13.260.52 years, 95% CI [13.02, 13.51]) were evaluated over 26 weeks (early, mid, and end-season) to obtain stress, sleep quality, and measures of workload in the season (accumulated acute workload [AW], accumulated chronic workload [CW], accumulated acute: chronic workload ratio [ACWLR], accumulated training monotony [TM], accumulated training strain [TS]). Results The analysis revealed a moderate, statistically significant negative correlation between sleep quality and training monotony (r = -0.461, p<0.05). No significant correlations were observed between other variables (p>0.05). In the multi-linear regression analysis, maturity, PHV, sleep, and stress collectively accounted for variances of 17% in AW, 17.1% in CW, 11% in ACWLR, 21.3% in TM, and 22.6% in TS. However, individual regression coefficients for these predictors were not statistically significant (p>0.05), indicating limited predictive power. Conclusion The study highlights the impact of sleep quality on training monotony, underscoring the importance of managing training load to mitigate the risks of overtraining. The non-significant regression coefficients suggest the complexity of predicting training outcomes based on the assessed variables. These insights emphasize the need for a holistic approach in training load management and athlete wellness monitoring.