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Öğe An example of a misnomer in medicine: Choice of the term basal ganglia for the basal nuclei(2020) Sahin, Zafer; Kalkan, Omer Faruk; Kutlu, SelimIn modern literature, a group of neurons in the peripheral nervous system is called a ‘ganglion’, while this in the central nervous system is called a ‘nucleus’. For the plurality of these structures, ganglia and nuclei are used, respectively. Such terminological distinction was probably not in the mind of early scientists, and the name of the basal ganglion became a misnomer frequently used by modern scientists to name subcortical nuclei involved in the control of movement. All this is far from explaining why this misnomer continues. It is not known whether it will change in the future, but it is certain that this will not happen in the near future. Knowing that it is used with a misnomer and the fact that these structures are actually basal nuclei appears in the minds of scientists and students is an important victory.Öğe An example of a misnomer in medicine: Choice of the term basal ganglia for the basal nuclei(2020) Sahin, Zafer; Kalkan, Omer Faruk; Kutlu, SelimIn modern literature, a group of neurons in the peripheral nervous system is called a ‘ganglion’, while this in the central nervous system is called a ‘nucleus’. For the plurality of these structures, ganglia and nuclei are used, respectively. Such terminological distinction was probably not in the mind of early scientists, and the name of the basal ganglion became a misnomer frequently used by modern scientists to name subcortical nuclei involved in the control of movement. All this is far from explaining why this misnomer continues. It is not known whether it will change in the future, but it is certain that this will not happen in the near future. Knowing that it is used with a misnomer and the fact that these structures are actually basal nuclei appears in the minds of scientists and students is an important victoryÖğe Kisspeptin antagonist prevents RF9-induced reproductive changes in female rats(Bioscientifica Ltd, 2015) Sahin, Zafer; Canpolat, Sinan; Ozcan, Mete; Ozgocer, Tuba; Kelestimur, HalukThe aim of this study was to determine the modulatory effects of peptide 234 (p234) (an antagonist of GPR54 receptors) on kisspeptin and RF9 (an RFamide-related peptide antagonist)-induced changes in reproductive functions and energy balance in female rats. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were weaned on postnatal day (pnd) 21. The animals were intracerebroventricularly cannulated under general anesthesia on pnd 23. Groups of female rats were injected with kisspeptin, RF9, p234, kisspeptin plus p234, or RF9 plus p234, daily. The experiments were ended on the day of first diestrus following pnd 60. Kisspeptin or RF9 alone advanced vaginal opening (VO), which was delayed by administration of kisspeptin antagonist alone. In the rats given kisspeptin plus p234 or RF9 plus p234, VO was not different from control rats. Kisspeptin and RF9 elicited significant elevations in circulating LH levels. Coadministrations of kisspeptin or RF9 with p234 decreased LH levels significantly. The use of p234 alone did not cause any significant change in LH secretion. Kisspeptin decreased both food intake and body weight while RF9 decreased only food intake without affecting body weight. The effects of kisspeptin on energy balance were also reversed by central administration of p234. In conclusion, kisspeptin antagonist, p234, modulates the effects of kisspeptin on reproductive functions and energy balance, whereas RF9 seems to exert only its effects on reproductive functions by means of GPR54 signaling in female rats.Öğe Long Period Housing in Metabolic Cage Causes Unfavorable Effects on Psychophysiological Parameters in Adult Male Rats(Wiley, 2017) Sahin, Zafer; Solak, Hatice; Koc, Aynur; Koca, Raviye Ozen; Ozkurkculer, Alparslan; Candan, Pinar; Gormus, Z. Isik Solak[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Long-term metabolic cage housing increases anxiety/depression-related behaviours in adult male rats(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2019) Sahin, Zafer; Solak, Hatice; Koc, Aynur; Koca, Raviye Ozen; Ozkurkculer, Alpaslan; Cakan, Pinar; Gormus, Zulfikare Isik SolakThere are several reports on unfavourable effects of metabolic cage housing on animal welfare mainly due to the characteristic structures of these cages such as single housing and grid flooring. This study was aimed to compare the effects of long-term metabolic cage housing and conventional housing (normal grouped housing in standard cages) on the anxiety/depression-like behaviours in male rats. Anxiety/depression-related behaviours were evaluated by use of forced swimming test and open field test. Swimming and climbing were significantly lower and immobility duration higher in the metabolic cage group. In the open field test, total distance, mean velocity, time spent in the central area, zone transition, grooming, and rearing scores were significantly lower in the metabolic cage. Moreover, serum corticosterone level was higher in the metabolic cage group. The results of the study indicate that long-term metabolic cage housing may cause an increase in the anxiety- and depression-related behaviours in male rats.Öğe Pinealectomy alters IFN-? and IL-10 levels in primary thymocyte culture of rats(C M B Assoc, 2018) Sahin, Zafer; Sandal, Suleyman; Yilmaz, Bayram; Bulmus, Ozgur; Ozdemir, Gokcen; Kutlu, Selim; Godekmerdan, AhmetMelatonin, produced mainly by the pineal gland, has an immunomodulatory role. However, the effects of the pineal gland and/or melatonin on thymus cytokine levels such as interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-10 are not well known. Twenty-one male Wistar rats (220-250 gr) were randomly divided into three groups (n=7): intact control, sham, and pinealectomy. Primary thymocyte cultures were prepared from each group and dispensed into well plates as Control, DMSO (or vehicle), Sham-pinealectomy, Pinealectomy, Pinealectomy+10 mu M melatonin, and Pinealectomy+100 mu M melatonin. IFN-gamma, IL-4, and IL-10 concentrations were measured in the thymocytes (as nonstimulated and Concanavalin A-stimulated) after 24 h. IFN-gamma levels significantly increased and IL-10 levels significantly decreased in both media prepared from pinealectomized rats. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of IL-4. In the pinealectomy+100 mu M melatonin group, IFN-gamma and IL-10 levels did not differ from the pinealectomy group. However, the dose of 100 mu M melatonin caused a decrease in levels of IFN-gamma in both thymocyte media and an increase in the concentration of IL-10 in Concanavalin A-stimulated thymocytes. In conclusion, pineal gland and or melatonin affect IFN-gamma and IL-10 levels in the thymus gland.Öğe Pinealectomy alters ıfn-gamma and ıl-10 levels in primary thymocyte culture of rats(C m b assoc, 34 boulevard solferıno, 86000 poıtıers, france, 2018) Sahin, Zafer; Sandal, Suleyman; Yilmaz, Bayram; Bulmus, Ozgur; Ozdemir, Gokcen; Kutlu, Selim; Godekmerdan, Ahmet; Kelestimur, HalukMelatonin, produced mainly by the pineal gland, has an immunomodulatory role. However, the effects of the pineal gland and/or melatonin on thymus cytokine levels such as interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-10 are not well known. Twenty-one male Wistar rats (220-250 gr) were randomly divided into three groups (n=7): intact control, sham, and pinealectomy. Primary thymocyte cultures were prepared from each group and dispensed into well plates as Control, DMSO (or vehicle), Sham-pinealectomy, Pinealectomy, Pinealectomy+10 mu M melatonin, and Pinealectomy+100 mu M melatonin. IFN-gamma, IL-4, and IL-10 concentrations were measured in the thymocytes (as nonstimulated and Concanavalin A-stimulated) after 24 h. IFN-gamma levels significantly increased and IL-10 levels significantly decreased in both media prepared from pinealectomized rats. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of IL-4. In the pinealectomy+100 mu M melatonin group, IFN-gamma and IL-10 levels did not differ from the pinealectomy group. However, the dose of 100 mu M melatonin caused a decrease in levels of IFN-gamma in both thymocyte media and an increase in the concentration of IL-10 in Concanavalin A-stimulated thymocytes. In conclusion, pineal gland and or melatonin affect IFN-gamma and IL-10 levels in the thymus gland.
