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    Green Synthesis and Biogenic Materials, Characterization, and Their Applications
    (Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2019) Tan G.; İlk S.; Emul E.; Asik M.D.; Sam M.; Altindag S.; Birhanli E.
    Modern nanotechnology, together with the help of pharmaceutical and biomedical science, deals with improving new drug delivery systems in order to cure many diseases including cancer. Thus, nanotechnology has generated a potential influence in several disciplines of medicine including cardiology, endocrinology, immunology, oncology, pulmonology, and ophthalmology. Till date, very little work has been done regarding the positive or beneficial influences of nanomaterials on plant species. However, nanotechnology has the potential for creating new materials to develop new methods or tools for incorporation of fictional nanoparticles into the plants to improve their physiological, morphological, or other related characters. In natural environment, plants and microorganisms like bacteria, algae, yeasts, and fungi have the ability to produce nanosized materials as part of their metabolism. Synthesis of nanoparticles by microorganisms has been arisen as prominent research area in nanoscience day by day. In general, microorganisms produce inorganic nanoparticles in intracellular and/or extracellular way. Microbial production of metallic nanoparticles, especially silver, is achieved by reduction mechanisms of metal ions, while they generate silver nanoparticles as part of their metabolism due to their defense mechanism. Bio-produced silver nanoparticles are also applied for enhanced antimicrobial properties in combination with commercial antibiotics against pathogenic microorganisms. Their antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects are evaluated within this chapter. © 2019, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.