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Öğe Brain metabolite changes on proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in children with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes mellitus(Springer, 2005) Sarac, K; Akinci, A; Alkan, A; Aslan, M; Baysal, T; Özcan, CThe metabolite changes in the brains of children with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) were investigated by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). A total of 30 subjects and 14 age-matched healthy volunteers underwent single-voxel MRS (TE: 136). The duration of disease, medication, presence of hypoglycaemia episodes and the level of haemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) in the patients were noted. Voxels were placed in the pons, left basal ganglion (LBG) and left posterior parietal white matter (PPWM). N-acetylaspartate (NAA)/creatinine (Cr) and choline (Cho)/Cr ratios were calculated. The average HbA1c level was 11.9 +/- 3.4 (8.2-19.4). The average number of keto-acidosis episodes was 1.9 +/- 2.2 (0-9) and the average number of daily insulin injections was 2.8 +/- 0.97 (2-4). MRS revealed lower NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr ratios in the pons and lower NAA/Cr ratio in the PPWM of patients with DM than in control subjects. No significant correlation was observed between the number of hypoglycaemia episodes and metabolite ratios. Metabolic abnormalities have been observed by MRS in the brain of poorly controlled type 1 DM children. These metabolic changes, in particular in the pons region, include a decrease in NAA, indicating neuronal loss or functional impairment, and likely explanations for a decrease in Cho may be dynamic changes in membrane lipids and/or decreased membrane turnover.Öğe Central pontine myelinolysis in Wilson's disease: MR spectroscopy findings(Elsevier Science Inc, 2004) Kizkin, S; Sarac, K; Ozisik, HI; Ozcan, CAlthough a pontine lesion on cranial MRI is frequently associated with an extrapontine lesion, few cases report solitary pontine involvement in Wilson disease, and it is usually recognized as central pontine lesions related to hepatic dysfunction. A patient with Wilson's disease having a solitary pontine lesion without basal ganglia involvement in cranial MRI with cerebellar symptoms is presented. Based on MR spectroscopy findings, this solitary pontine lesion could be regarded as central pontine myelinolysis rather than the neurologic involvement in Wilson's disease. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Öğe Cervical myositis ossificans traumatica: a rare location(Springer Verlag, 1999) Baysal, T; Baysal, O; Sarac, K; Elmali, N; Kutlu, R; Ersoy, YAn unusual case of myositis:ossificans traumatica lesion located in the paraspinal region is reported. Despite the contiguity of the lesion with the cervical vertebrae and ominous appearance of the biopsy material, the history of antecedent trauma and computed tomography findings allowed preoperative accurate diagnosis. To our knowledge, myositis ossificans traumatica located in the cervical paraspinal region is very rare.Öğe The cisternal segment of the abducens nerve in man: three-dimensional MR imaging(Elsevier Sci Ireland Ltd, 2004) Alkan, A; Sigirci, A; Ozveren, AF; Kutlu, R; Altinok, T; Onal, C; Sarac, KPurpose: The goal of this study was to identify the abducens nerve in its cisternal segment by using three-dimensional turbo spin echo T2-weighted image (3DT2-TSE). The abducens nerve may arise from the medullopontine sulcus by one singular or two separated rootlets. Material and methods: We studied 285 patients (150 males, 135 females, age range: 9-72 years, mean age: 33.3 +/- 14.4) referred to MR imaging of the inner ear, internal auditory canal and brainstem. All 3D T2-TSE studies were performed with a 1.5 T MR system. Imaging parameters used for 3DT2-TSE sequence were TR:4000, TE:150, and 0.70 mm slice thickness. A field of view of 160 mm and 256 x 256 matrix were used. The double rootlets of the abducens nerve and contralateral abducens nerves and their relationships with anatomical structures were searched in the subarachnoid space. Results: We identified 540 of 570 abducens nerves (94.7%) in its complete cisternal course with certainty. Seventy-two cases (25.2%) in the present study had double rootlets of the abducens nerve. In 59 of these cases (34 on the right side and 25 on the left) presented with unilateral double rootlets of the abducens. Thirteen cases presented with bilateral double rootlets of the abducens (4.5%). Conclusion: An abducens nerve arising by two separate rootlets is not a rare variation. The detection of this anatomical variation by preoperative MR imaging is important to avoid partial damage of the nerve during surgical procedures. The 3DT2-TSE as a noninvasive technique makes it possible to obtain extremely high-quality images of microstructures as cranial nerves and surrounding vessels in the cerebellopontine cistern. Therefore, preoperative MR imaging should be performed to detect anatomical variations of abducens nerve and to reduce the chance of operative injuries. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Clinical significance of N-acetyl-L-aspartate resonance in ovarian mucinous cystadenoma(Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006) Hascalik, S; Celik, O; Sarac, K; Alkan, A; Mizrak, BMagnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) provides a noninvasive measurement of the biochemistry of living tissue. We report spectroscopy analysis of a 26-year-old woman affected by right ovarian lesion diagnosed as mucinous cystadenoma. MRS was performed by the point-resolved spectroscopy technique with a long echo time (TE) (136 msec). MRS measurements were performed on the two distinct component of the right ovarian tumor. The classification of metabolite peaks area in this study was performed according to the technique described by Okada et al. The features of proton MRS studies are discussed. As well as strongly elevated lactate and N-acetyl-L-aspartate signals, the tumor spectrum showed lipid resonances. Proton MRS imaging may be helpful for the investigation of the underlying pathophysiology of ovarian mucinous cystadenomas.Öğe Delayed myelination in a rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata case: MR spectroscopy findings(Elsevier Science Inc, 2003) Alkan, A; Kutlu, R; Yakinci, C; Sigirci, A; Aslan, M; Sarac, KRhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata is a member of genetic peroxisomal disorders. Delayed myelination, which is probably related to the inadequacy of plasmalogens biosynthesis, is an important feature of this disorder. Direct assessment of neuropathologic aspects of RCDP syndrome such as neuronal degeneration and delayed myelination is possible with MR spectroscopy. In this report, MR spectroscopy findings (decreased Cho/Cr and increased Ins-Gly/Cr ratios and increased levels of mobile lipids) of a rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata case supporting delayed myelination are presented. This is the second report of MR spectroscopy examination of the specific brain metabolic changes associated with rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.Öğe Diffusion-weighted imaging in chronic Behcet patients with and without neurological findings(Springer, 2005) Baysal, T; Dogan, M; Karlidag, R; Ozisik, HI; Baysal, O; Bulut, T; Sarac, KOur aim was to investigate whether neurological impairment in chronic Behcet's disease (BD) patients with normal appearing brain can be assessed by means of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). The averaged apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were calculated in 22 different radiologically normal appearing brain regions in 32 patients with and without neurological findings and 20 control subjects. The ADC values in bilateral frontal, temporal and occipital normal appearing white matter were significantly higher in the patient groups compared with the control subjects (p < 0.05). In these brain regions, DWI revealed differences in the ADC values between patients with neurological findings (including symptomatic and neuro-Behcet patients) and the asymptomatic patient group. The similarity of the ADC values of patients without symptoms to those of the control group allowed clear discrimination between patients with and without neurological findings. DWI may serve to assess subclinical neurological involvement in BD, even when structural changes are absent.Öğe Doppler sonography of the inferior and superior mesenteric arteries in ulcerative colitis(Wiley, 2001) Sigirci, A; Baysal, T; Kutlu, R; Aladag, M; Sarac, K; Harputluglu, HPurpose. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Doppler sonographic blood-flow parameters and spectral patterns in the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) and superior mesenteric artery (SMA) in patients with active and inactive (remission-phase) ulcerative colitis (UC). Methods. The IMAs and SMAs of 25 patients with active-phase UC (group 1), 19 patients with remission-phase UC (group 2), and 22 healthy, asymptomatic subjects (control group) were evaluated by duplex Doppler sonography. The 25 patients in group 1 were categorized into 2 subgroups on the basis of the extent of disease as determined by double-contrast barium enema x-ray study and colonoscopy. The first subgroup (group 1a) consisted of 11 patients with active involvement of the left colon from the rectum to the splenic flexure. The second subgroup (group 1b) consisted of 14 patients with active involvement of the entire colon. The peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV), mean velocity (Vmean), resistance index (RI), and pulsatility index (PI) were determined from the Doppler spectral analysis. The inner diameter and cross-sectional area of the IMA and SMA were measured, and the blood-flow volume was calculated. The results were compared between the patient groups and control subjects. Results. In the IMA, the mean blood-flow volume, mean PSV, mean EDV, and Vmean were significantly higher, the mean PI was significantly lower, and the mean diameter and the mean cross-sectional area were significantly larger in group 1 than in group 2 or in the control group (p < 0.001). The mean PSV and the Vmean of the IMA were significantly higher in group la than in group Ib (p < 0.05). The mean blood-flow parameters in the SMA were not significantly different between groups 1 and 2 or between either group 1 or group 2 and the control subjects. The mean EDV in the SMA was significantly higher and the mean PI and the mean RI were significantly lower in group 1b than in group 1a (p < 0.01). Conclusions. Duplex Doppler sonography of the IMA and SMA can be used to evaluate inflammatory disease of the large bowel, to assess disease extent, and to document response to therapy. (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Öğe Early- and late-state subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: Chemical shift imaging and single-voxel MR spectroscopy(Amer Soc Neuroradiology, 2003) Alkan, A; Sarac, K; Kutlu, R; Yakinci, C; Sigirci, A; Aslan, M; Baysal, TBACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare, progressive, inflammatory neurodegenerative disease. Our aim was to determine the metabolic abnormalities of brain in early- and late-stage SSPE by using MR spectroscopy and to assess areas of involvement in the early stages when MR imaging findings were normal. METHODS: Children with stage II (n = 3) or III (n = 3) SSPE and 10 healthy, age-matched children underwent MR imaging, multivoxel MR spectroscopy, and short-echo single-voxel MR spectroscopy (SVS). Areas of involvement in the brain were determined with chemical shift imaging. For SVS, 2 x 2 x 2-cm voxels were placed in the frontal subcortical white matter (FSWM) and parieto-occipital white matter (POWM). N-acetylaspartate (NAA)/creatine (Cr), choline (Cho)/Cr, myo-inositol (Ins)/Cr, and NAA/Cho ratios were calculated. RESULTS: Comparisons of NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, Ins/Cr and NAA/Cho ratios between patients and control subjects showed significant differences in FSWM and POWM (P <.0l). In patients with SSPE, NAA/Cr ratios in POWM were significantly less than those in FSWM (P <.0l). NAA/Cr ratios in patients with stage II SSPE and those in the control group were not significantly different; this may reflect the absence of neuronal loss. Decreased NAA/Cr, increased Cho/Cr and Ins/Cr ratios, and increased lactate and lipid peaks were found in patients with stage III SSPE. CONCLUSION: MR spectroscopy showed findings suggestive of inflammation in stage II and findings of demyelination, gliosis, cellular necrosis, and anaerobic metabolism in stage III. MR spectroscopy could be a promising technique for early diagnosis and treatment planning in cases of SSPE.Öğe In vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the evaluation of the endometrium(Wiley, 2004) Sarac, K; Celik, O; Hascalik, S; Alkan, A; Mizrak, BBackground The purposes of this study were to compare proton magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopic evaluation of the endometrium with histology obtained by endometrial biopsy in women undergoing diagnostic curettage and to determine whether screening with MR spectroscopy (MRS) might be useful in the evaluation of the endometrium. Methods. Twenty-three consecutive women who were scheduled for endometrial biopsy were included in the study. The women were evaluated by MRS, performed immediately before the endometrial biopsy. The MRS results were compared with the histological findings obtained from the endometrial biopsy. Results. All of the cases were proven by pathological examination, and their diagnoses were secretory endometrium (I I cases), proliferative endometrium (seven cases) and disordered proliferative endometrium (five cases). The characteristically obtained signals of choline (Cho) and lipid were detected in all subjects in the secretory endometrium group. In the same group, eight patients showed lactate signals and six showed creatine (Cr) signals. In the disordered proliferative endometrium group, four patients showed lipid plus Cho signals. Two patients in the same group demonstrated both lactate and Cr signals. All patients in the proliferative endometrium group showed Cho signals, two patients demonstrated lactate plus Cho signals, and none of the patients in this group showed lipid and Cr signals. Conclusion. Proton magnetic resonance spectra can register certain metabolic differences in human endometrium in its different stages.Öğe Infantile Sandhoff's disease: Multivoxel magnetic resonance spectroscopy findings(B C Decker Inc, 2003) Alkan, A; Kutlu, R; Yakinci, C; Sigirci, A; Aslan, M; Sarac, KSandhoff's disease is a rare, genetic lysosomal storage disease leading to delayed myelination or demyelination. Although neuroimaging findings in this disease have been reported previously, magnetic resonance spectroscopy findings have not been reported. In this report, we present magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy features of two cases with Sandhoff's disease. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed findings indicating widespread demyelination in both cases and neuroaxonal loss and anaerobic metabolism in the second case. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy could provide useful information in the explanation of the clinical picture of cases with Sandhoff's disease.Öğe Lower prevalence of non-tumoral perfusion defects in left hepatic lobe during CT arterial portography with splenic artery injection(Elsevier Sci Ireland Ltd, 2004) Kutlu, R; Akbulut, A; Sigirci, A; Alkan, A; Karaman, I; Baysal, T; Sarac, KObjective: To determine whether there is a difference in the prevalence of non-tumoral perfusion defects (NTPD) in left hepatic lobe during CT arterial portography (CTAP) through splenic (SA) and superior mesenteric artery (SMA) injection. Methods and patients: For the preoperative evaluation, 59 patients (20 females, 39 males) who either have colorectal carcinoma metastasis (n: 42) or hepatocellular carcinoma (n: 17) underwent CTAP examination. Patients were divided, into two groups (SA and SMA) according to the injection artery. The presence and type of NTPD in the left hepatic lobe were determined and compared. Results: There were significant differences in peripherally located wedge shaped, perihilar-periligamentous and pericholecystic NTPD, but no significant difference was found in lobar/segmental defects between the groups. Conclusions: Our study demonstrated lower prevalence of NTPD in the left hepatic lobe in CTAP's performed through SA injection and we think that this could be explained by the streamlining of portal blood flow. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Magnetic resonance spectroscopy features of uterine leiomyomas(Karger, 2004) Celik, O; Sarac, K; Hascalik, S; Alkan, A; Mizrak, B; Yologlu, SObjective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy features of uterine leiomyomas using long echo time and to characterize the spectral patterns of these lesions. Methods: We calculated metabolites in 15 patients with uterine leiomyomas and myometrium of 20 healthy control subjects using single-voxel proton MR spectroscopy (point resolved spectroscopy technique, TE:136 ms). Voxels were placed at the center of the uterine leiomyomas. The peak areas of creatine, choline, lipid and lactate were determined. The MR spectroscopy results of uterine leiomyomas were compared with the spectroscopy results obtained from the myometrium of healthy control subjects. Results: The characteristically obtained signal was choline, which was detected not only in 14 of the 15 leiomyomas (93.3%) but also in 18 of the 20 myometrium of control subjects (90%). The lipid signals were determined in 9 of 15 patients with uterine leiomyomas (60%) and 8 of 20 control subjects (40%). The lactate signal was obtained from six of 15 patients with leiomyomas (40%) but only two of myometrium (10%). The creatine signal was obtained from 4 of 15 patients with leiomyomas (26.6%) and 5 of 20 myometrium (25%). Among the tested parameters only lactate peak was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Proton MR spectroscopic imaging may be helpful for the investigation of the underlying pathophysiology of uterine leiomyomas. The presence of lactate and lipid signals in the spectrum may be a useful indicator of metabolic pathway of uterine leiomyomas. Copyright (C) 2004 S. Karger AG, Basel.Öğe Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of premalignant and malignant endometrial disorders: a feasibility of in vivo study(Elsevier, 2005) Celik, O; Hascalik, S; Sarac, K; Meydanli, MM; Alkan, A; Mizrak, BObjective: To assess the potential clinical utility of in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in patients with various endometrial lesions. Methods: Twelve patients with untreated uterine bleeding were included in this study. In-vivo proton MRS was performed using a 1.5 T MR scanner. The metabolite levels were classified into three classes in comparison with the noise level by visual examination. All the patients have endometrial biopsy. For each type of lesions, chemical compound were described. Results: Pathological examination resulted in three endometrial cancer, two simple hyperplasias, one complex hyperplasia, two partial hydatiform mole, two proliferative endometrium and two secretory endometrium. In women with endometrial carcinoma, high choline and lipid signals were detected, whereas no creatine and no lactate signals were found. In women with endometrial hyperplasia, choline signal was detectable in all cases but one case showed lactate signal in addition to choline. In women with partial hydatidiform mole, the only detectable signal was choline. Lipid signals were detected in none of the cases with endometrial hyperplasia and partial hidatidiform mole. In women with either secretory or proliferative endometrium, choline and lactate signals were detectable in all cases but one case showed solely choline. Lipid signals were not deteced in any of subjects with secretory or proliferative endometrium. Conclusion: The observed difference is the presence of lipid signal only in endometrial carcinoma. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of proton metabolite level changes in sensorimotor cortex after upper limb replantation-revascularization(Elsevier Science Inc, 2005) Ertem, K; Alkan, A; Sarac, K; Onal, C; Bostan, H; Yologlu, S; Bora, AWe aimed to investigate the changes in proton metabolite levels at the motor and somatosensory cortex by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) after upper extremity replantation or revascularization. Nine patients who referred to our clinic suffering from major total (two) and subtotal (seven) amputation of the upper extremity were enrolled in this study. Mean time value between the injury and operation was 5.1 h. Mean follow-up period or mean time between the injury and MRS analysis was 26.2 months (ranging from 7 to 41 months). Voxels JR: 2000; TE: 136 ms) were placed onto locations in the bilateral precentral and postcentral cortex area of the cerebral hemispheres that represent the upper extremity. Contralateral sides of the brain hemisphere that represent the injured extremity were accounted as control groups. Metabolite ratios [NAA (N-acetyl aspartate)/Cr (creatine) and Cho (choline)/Cr] of the motor and somatosensory cortex were calculated. The NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr metabolite ratios between the two groups were found to be insignificant, and these results may indicate that there is no remarkable somatosensorial cortex disruption or demyelination in these patients. Fifty-six percent of patients were found as functional according to Chen's scale. (C) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Öğe Metabolic changes in pelvic lesions: Findings at proton MR spectroscopic imaging(Karger, 2005) Hascalik, S; Celik, O; Sarac, K; Meydanli, MM; Alkan, A; Mizrak, BObjective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopic (MRS) features of pelvic lesions using long echo time and to characterize the spectral patterns of various pathological entities. Materials and Methods: 17 patients with surgically and histopathologically confirmed pelvic lesions underwent long echo-time MRS, and the results obtained were analyzed. Before laparotomy, choline (Cho), lactate, lipid and creatine (Cr) levels of all lesions were measured by single voxel MRS ( point-resolved spectroscopy technique, TE 136 ms). Voxels were placed in the center of the lesions. The MRS results of lesions were compared with the final histopathological diagnoses. Results: Spectroscopy analysis of serous, mucinous and undifferentiated carcinoma of the ovary revealed Cho, lactate and lipid signals, but granulosa-theca cell tumor showed only a lipid signal. The Cho signal was obtained from only 3 patients with mature cystic teratoma but none of the other benign ovarian tumors and pelvic abscesses. A lipid signal was detected in 3 patients diagnosed with pelvic abscess and all benign ovarian tumors. In addition to the lipid signal, a lactate signal was detected in the spectra of two pelvic abscesses. One case of endometrioma and 1 case of teratoma did not show any signal. Conclusion: MRS demonstrates significant differences in metabolite concentration between benign and malignant ovarian tumors and pelvic abscesses. MRS may therefore be helpful in the differential diagnosis of adnexal lesions. Copyright (C) 2005 S. Karger AG, Basel.Öğe Percutaneous right portal vein embolization with polyvinyl alcohol particles in gastric cancer metastasis: Report of a case(Springer, 2005) Kutlu, R; Sarac, K; Yilmaz, S; Kirimlioglu, V; Baysal, T; Alkan, A; Sigirci, APolyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles are used for the embolization of various vascular tumors. They are also used before hepatic resection to embolize the ipsilateral portal vein, causing hypertrophy of the remaining liver. We report our first experience with portal vein embolization (PVE) with PVA particles to treat gastric cancer metastasis to the liver. PVE with PVA is a safe interventional radiologic procedure, which does not cause problems during surgery and can improve the outcome of hepatic resection.Öğe Periorbital solitary-type infantile myofibromatosis(Slack Inc, 1997) Bayramlar, H; Hepsen, IF; Sarac, K; Hasanoglu, A; Tecimer, T; Ozgen, U; Senol, M[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Proton MR spectroscopy features of normal appearing white matter in neurofibromatosis type 1(Elsevier Science Inc, 2003) Alkan, A; Sarac, K; Kutlu, R; Yakinci, C; Sigirci, A; Aslan, M; Ozcan, HTo determine whether differences exist between neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) patients with or without focal lesions and healthy normal volunteers in the metabolite ratios of normal appearing white matter, 27 patients with NF1 (with parenchymal lesion, MR positive, n: 17; without parenchymal lesions, MR negative, n: 10) and 20 healthy volunteers underwent MRI and short TE (31 ms) proton MR spectroscopy (MRS). In 17 patients with parenchymal lesions, 61 focal lesions were detected by MRI. MRS was performed from normal appearing frontal and posterior parietal white matter (FWM and PWM) in NF1 and from control groups. NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr and MI/Cr ratios were calculated. Significant increase in Cho/Cr and MI/Cr ratios were found in FWM and PWM in MR negative and positive groups when compared to control group. NAA/Cr ratio in MR positive group was significantly decreased in FWM compared to control group. There were no significant differences between FWM and PWM in all metabolite ratios of MR negative group. MI/Cr ratio in MR positive group was significantly elevated in PWM compared to FWM. Metabolite changes detected by MRS could indicate demyelination and gliosis in normal appearing white matter in all NF1 patients, and additionally neuroaxonal damage in the FWM of NF1 patients with focal lesions. For that reason, in the clinical evaluation and follow-up of these patients MRS features of normal appearing white matter should be considered in addition to focal lesions. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Öğe Proton MRS in Behcet's disease with and without neurological findings(Springer, 2003) Baysal, T; Ozisik, HI; Karlidag, R; Sarac, K; Baysal, O; Dusak, A; Hazneci, EOur aim was to investigate whether neurological impairment in Behcet's disease (BD) can be assessed by means of proton MRS and whether it can assist in prognosis. We used single-voxel MRS to measure metabolites in regions of normal-appearing pons, basal ganglia and periventricular white matter (PWM) in 32 patients with chronic BD patients with and without neurological deficits and 29 control subjects. Patients had significantly higher N-acetylaspartate (NAA)/creatine (Cr) and choline (Cho)/Cr ratios in the basal ganglia than the controls. The Cho/Cr ratio in the PWM was also significantly higher in the patients. MRS enabled clear discrimination of patients and controls and also revealed spectral differences between non-neuro-Behcet's disease and neuro-Behcet's disease in the basal ganglia. MRS can be used to assess brain involvement in BD even if structural changes are absent.
