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    Capsella bursa-pastoris Is a Key Overwintering Plant for Aphids in the Mediterranean Region
    (Mdpi, 2021) Satar, Serdar; Kavallieratos, Nickolas G.; Tufekli, Mustafa; Satar, Gul; Athanassiou, Christos G.; Papanikolaou, Nikos E.; Karacaoglu, Mehmet
    Simple Summary Reservoir plants are crucial for overwintering pests and their biological control agents. A long-term survey revealed that Capsella bursa-pastoris is a significant host plant, especially for aphids as well as their parasitoids and hyperparasitoids. Twenty-five aphids and eleven parasitoid species were identified on this weed. Myzus persicae and Aphis gossypii were the most commonly recorded aphid species, and Binodoxys angelicae the most frequent parasitoid. Additionally, the monthly distribution of the aphids, parasitoids, and hyperparasitoids showed that C. bursa pastoris fills the host plant gap in the absence of crops. Trophic relations within the community and the importance of C. bursa pastoris were also analyzed in this study. The reproduction of aphids depends to a great extent on their host plants, an integration that impacts on the successful expansion of overwintering populations. Therefore, a survey was conducted to evaluate the globally distributed Capsella bursa-pastoris as an overwintering host of economically important aphid species, their parasitoids and hyperparasitoids in the southern and western regions of Turkey from November to March in 2006 to 2013. During this survey, 395 samples of C. bursa-pastoris were collected with 25 aphid species recorded. Among aphids that feed on this host, Myzus persicae, Aphis gossypii, Rhopalosiphum padi, Aphis fabae, Aphis craccivora, Lipaphis erysimi, and Brevicoryne brassicae were the most frequently recorded. In total, 10,761 individual parasitoids were identified. Binodoxys angelicae, Aphidius colemani, Aphidius matricariae, Diaeretiella rapae, Ephedrus persicae, and Lysiphlebus confusus were the most abundant aphidiines that emerged from the aphids collected from C. bursa-pastoris. Alloxysta spp. (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea), Chalcidoidea (unidentified at genus level), and Dendrocerus spp. (Hymenoptera: Ceraphronoidea) were identified as hyperparasitoids on the parasitoids. These findings indicate that C. bursa-pastoris is a key non-agricultural plant that significantly contributes to the overwintering of numerous aphids and their parasitoids, which should be given serious consideration when biological control strategies are designed.
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    Development of Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson, 1880) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on different hosts and temperatures
    (Entomological Soc Turkey, Ege Univ, 2018) Satar, Gul; Karacaoglu, Mehmet; Satar, Serdar
    In this study, the development time, mortality, parasitization rate and sex ratio of Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson, 1880) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) on Aphis craccivora Koch, 1854, Aphis fabae Scopoli, 1763 and Aphis gossypii Glover, 1877 (Hemiptera: Aphididae), were determined. The experiments were carried out at three different, temperatures (17, 22 and 27 +/- 1 degrees C) for each aphid species, 60 +/- 10% RH and 16: 8 h L:D photoperiod. The development thresholds and thermal constants for the parasitoid were also determined for the three aphid species. The parasitization rate of L. testaceipes was 25.0, 53.4 and 20.5% (for 17, 22 and 27 degrees C, respectively) for A. craccivora; 62.7, 71.1 and 37.1% for A. fabae; and 54.2, 70.7 and 20.0% for A. gossypii. The development time of L. testaceipes was 18.5, 10.9 and 7.9 d in A. craccivora, 17.6, 10.2 and 7.4 d in A. fabae, and 19.8, 12.6 and 9.3 d in A. gossypii at 17, 22 and 27 +/- 1 degrees C. The development thresholds and thermal constants for L. testaceipes in A. craccivora, A. fabae and A. gossypii were 9.42, 9.69 and 8.12 degrees C, and 136.99, 128.05 and 175.44 degree days, respectively. Based on the overall results, A. fabae is an excellent potential host for the mass rearing of L. testaceipes at 20-22 degrees C.
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    Genetic diversity of Turkish populations of Planococcus citri Risso, 1813 (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
    (Entomological Soc Turkey, Ege Univ, 2020) Karacaoglu, Mehmet; Satar, Gul; Smith, James J.; Satar, Serdar
    The genetic diversity and population genetics of the citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri Risso, 1813 (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), were investigated based on sequencing of mitochondrial DNA. A total of 108 individuals were collected from different host plants in Turkey during 2011-2015. Partial sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene revealed five haplotypes in Turkey, with one of these (Hap 1) as the common haplotype, being present in 102 individuals. Additionally, 90 homologous nucleotide sequences retrieved from GenBank were incorporated into the analyses and compared with sequences of isolates from Turkey. Molecular diversity indices revealed overall high mitochondrial DNA diversity for these populations. Further, Tajima's D test and Fu's Fs test showed negative values, except in South Africa, indicating deviations from neutrality and suggesting recent population expansion for the populations. Pairwise comparisons of the different populations using the pairwise fixation indext was significant for some comparisons, indicating genetic differentiation among the P. citri populations studied. Based on these findings and those from earlier studies, it was hypothesized that demographic expansion has occurred in P. citri via the introduction of mealybugs by anthropogenic movements.
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    Some Demographic Parameters of Lysiphlebus confusus, L. fabarum, and L. testaceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae)
    (Oxford Univ Press Inc, 2019) Satar, Gul; Karacaoglu, Mehmet; Uygun, Nedim; Satar, Serdar
    Lysiphlebus confusus Tremblay and Eady, L. fabarum (Marshall), and L. testaceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) are important biological control agents for aphids. To select the appropriate biological control agent for a target pest, an understanding of the demographic parameters is essential. Therefore, a study was conducted to determine the effect of five temperatures, 12, 17, 22, 27, and 32 degrees C, at 60% RH and 5.0 Lux photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h, on the parasitism rate, development, and fecundity of these three parasitoids of Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Only L. fabarum parasitized at 12 degrees C and the rate was low. None of the parasitoids was able to develop at 32 degrees C. Lysiphlebus testaceipes had the shortest developmental period at the other temperatures. Lysiphlebus confusus and L. fabarum had similar developmental times at 22 and 27 degrees C, with L. confusus completing its development faster at 17 degrees C. The mortality rate of the three parasitoids varied between 3 and 20% at 17, 22, and 27 degrees C, except for L. testaceipes which had about 53% mortality at 27 degrees C. Lysiphlebus testaceipes had the highest net reproductive rate at all temperatures for the 2.5 and 97.5% bootstrap CIs. Lysiphlebus fabarum had the highest intrinsic rate of increase at 22 degrees C and L. testaceipes had the highest at the other temperatures. The best temperatures for fecundity were 17 and 22 degrees C for L. testaceipes and 22 degrees C for the other species. Lysiphlebus testaceipes appeared to be the most suited biological control agent for A. gossypii in southern Turkey, but its intolerance to high temperature could prove problematic for its establishment and persistence in this region.