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Öğe 24 January 2020 Sivrice-Elazig, Turkey earthquake: geotechnical evaluation and performance of structures(Springer, 2021) Sayin, Erkut; Yon, Burak; Onat, Onur; Gor, Mesut; Oncu, Mehmet Emin; Tugrul Tunc, Esra; Bakir, DursunThe January 24, 2020 Sivrice-Elazig (Mw = 6.8) earthquake occurred on the East Anatolian Fault zone. Main shock of this earthquake was occurred 20:55 at local time. The Peak Ground Acceleration was equal to 0.3 g at the epicenter (Sivrice district) of the earthquake. Even though the main shock was moderate, its effects on the structures were rather serious. The main shock caused significant damage and resulted in 41 casualties. 1540 buildings were damaged moderately, while 8519 buildings were damaged heavily and collapsed. This main shock effected four cities surrounded the epicenter due to its shallow earthquakes. The purpose of this paper is to summarize past and present seismic characteristics of the earthquake region. In addition, the aim of this paper is to summarize the seismotectonic of the region, the general characteristics of the earthquake and more specifically to report on the structural damage, and structural damage caused by the earthquake, observed during the site investigation. The damages were classified for reinforced concrete structures, masonry dwellings and non-residential structures. All distinguished earthquake induced failures and damages were discussed. Moreover, lessons learned were presented in this study.Öğe 3D Soil Structure Interaction Effects on the Seismic Behavior of Single Span Historical Masonry Bridge(Springer, 2023) Ozmen, Alper; Sayin, ErkutHistorical masonry bridges are cultural heritage of countries and must be protected from destructive effects of nature such as earthquakes, floods, and fires. The interaction of soil and structure has a significant impact on the seismic behavior of masonry bridges. In this study, the effect of Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI) was investigated on a single-span masonry bridge using non-linear time-history analysis. A SSI model of the Velipalas masonry bridge and soil layer was created using 3D solid elements in DIANA software. The nonlinear behavior of the masonry units and soil layer was modeled using the total strain-based crack model and Mohr-Coulomb failure criteria. The earthquakes of 1992 Erzincan, 2003 Bingol, and 2020 Sivrice were used for earthquake excitation. Results showed that considering SSI increased the periods, displacements, velocities, and principal stresses, but reduced the frequency and acceleration values. Hence, the results indicate that SSI effects are significant for the seismic response of single-span masonry bridges.Öğe Assessments of Masonry Buildings and Historical Structures during the 2020 Sivrice-Elaz?? Earthquake(Budapest Univ Technology Economics, 2023) Ozmen, Alper; Maras, Muslum Murat; Ayaz, Yasar; Sayin, ErkutTurkey is located on a seismically active region. The active fault zones, primarily the North Anatolian Fault and East Anatolian Fault, constitute a center to the movements. On 24 January 2020 at local time 20:55, an earthquake of Mw = 6.8 struck Sivrice, Elazig located in eastern part of Turkey. After this main shock, 1185 aftershocks were recorded until February 8, 2020. The main event resulted in 41 human casualties and 1632 injured. Also, 45 people were salvaged from the debris. The earthquake mostly affected to Elazig and Malatya provinces. 633 buildings were demolished, 10492 buildings were severely damaged, 2161 buildings were moderately damaged, and 16046 buildings were slightly damaged in the affected region. This paper focus on evaluating the damages and failures of masonry, adobe, and historical structures in the affected areas around Elazig and Malatya provinces.Öğe Different Soil-Structure Interaction Modelling Strategies for Seismic Analysis of a Masonry Church(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2024) Ozmen, Alper; Sayin, ErkutMasonry structures can be damaged different external reasons such as war, flood, earthquake etc. For protecting and transfer to the next generations, these structures can be examined detailed. Finite element analysis has generally been used for the seismic evaluation of masonry structures. The fixed base assumption has been used in traditional finite element analysis of masonry structures. Interacting with the surrounding soil and structure was generally ignored. The seismic behavior of masonry structures is significantly influenced by the soil-structure interaction (SSI). There are various soil structure interaction modelling strategies in the recent studies. In this paper, the dimensions, mechanical properties and material model of the soil are considered constant. One of them had no soil-structure interaction. The others, roller support case, fixed support case, absorbing boundary case, free field columns and Winkler supports. Variations in the seismic response of a historical masonry church were investigated using 4 different SSI models and a fixed base (SSI ignored) model. Nonlinear time history analyses were employed for the finite element analysis. The soil borehole provided the material characteristics of the surrounding soil. According to the analysis results, higher response amplitudes were obtained when SSI was considered.Öğe Evaluation of material properties of cultural heritage building by destructive and non- destructive testing: Malatya Tas,horan Church case study(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2023) Ozmen, Alper; Sayin, ErkutHistorical masonry structures are an essential component of cultural heritage. These structures may transfer the lifestyle of previous civilizations to next generations. In order to prevent earthquake damage to these structures, it is important to obtain accurate information on their material properties for reliable computational modelling and strengthening intervention programs. In this context, Destructive Techniques (DT) and Non-Destructive Techniques (NDT) were used together and the results obtained were compared. Tas,horan Church located in Malatya, Turkey was selected as a case study. The aim of this study is to compare the obtained results of Destructive Techniques (DT) and Non-Destructive Techniques (NDT) used to evaluate the original and restoration stones of Tas,horan Church in Malatya, Turkey. The tests conducted include uniaxial compressive strength, flexural strength, water absorption, density, porosity, XRD, SEM-EDX and ageing tests with different solutions (5% H2SO4, 5% HCl and %14 Na2SO4). In addition, NDT methods such as Schmidt hardness, ultrasonic pulse velocity and infrared thermography were used to determine dynamic Poisson's ratio, dynamic modulus of elasticity and UCS. NDT and DT values of the original and restoration stones were presented.Öğe Performance evaluation and damage assessment of historical Yusuf Ziya Pasha Mosque after February 6, 2023 Kahramanmaras earthquakes(Elsevier Science Inc, 2023) Onat, Onur; Deniz, Faruk; Ozmen, Alper; Ozdemir, Engin; Sayin, ErkutHistorical masonry heritages are severely affected by the February 6, 2023, Kahramanmaras, earthquakes. The recorded earthquake peak ground accelerations (PGA) are 2.05 g and 0.67 g for Pazarcik and Elbistan earth-quakes at the epicenter, respectively. However, there is not any recorded PGA data related to Kahramanmaras, earthquakes in Malatya. At this point, the current study aims to propose a methodology to estimate the possible resisted load of historical Yusuf Pasha Mosque in Malatya and possible PGA for Malatya by assessing the per-formance located in Malatya city center, which is far from the epicenter of Pazarcik earthquake, which is 162 km, and Elbistan earthquake, which is 100 km, using propagated cracks. After these earthquakes, local damages were registered at the Yusuf Ziya Pasha Mosque. The main prayer hall of the mosque and a tomb were constructed in 1792. Three types of materials were used for the mosque: riyolit tuff, sandy tuff for walls, and timber for the roof. The dimensions of the main hall of the mosque are 17.50 m x 12.53 m. Additionally, there is a small tomb located adjacent to the mosque with dimensions of 7.61 m by 4.46 m. First of all, dynamic identification is conducted, and then a numerical model is generated. Material properties were calculated using non-destructive testing methods. The mosque and the tomb are modeled together. The numerical model is calibrated on the basis of the extracted dynamic parameters. Then, nonlinear time history analyses were performed on the model using eight earthquake records. Three of the used seismic records were international, namely the 1995 Kobe, 1986 Chalfant Valley, and 2010 New Zelland Darfield earthquakes. In addition, five national earthquake records are used for the nonlinear dynamic analyses, namely the 2003 Bingo center dot l, 2011 Van-Ercis,, 2020 Elazig-Sivrice, 2023 Kahramanmaras, Pazarcik, and Elbistan earthquakes. Related graphs were tabulated, and crack propagations of the numerical model were compared to damaged mosques.Öğe Seismic Assessment of the Historical Sutlu Minaret Mosque(Budapest Univ Technology Economics, 2022) Maras, Muslum Murat; Ozmen, Alper; Sayin, Erkut; Ayaz, YasarHistorical masonry structures that connecting the past to the present have great importance because they represent the experiences and characteristics of various cultures. Therefore, the protection of historical structures is important. In this study, the structural response of the historical masonry Mosque was evaluated through dynamic analyses. For this purpose, the Sutlu Minaret Mosque which is located in Malatya, Turkey, was investigated. The three-dimensional model of the historical mosque was generated with ANSYS software. The material properties of the mosque were obtained with experimental tests. The time history analyses were used to obtain the seismic behavior of masonry mosque. In the time history analyses, six different strong ground motion records, including the 2020 Elazig earthquake, were used. After the analysis, displacement and stress values in the mosque were given. The absolute peak displacement value among these earthquake records was obtained from the 1999 Duzce earthquake and the highest principal compressive and tensile stress values were determined for the 2010 Darfield earthquake. Also, the crack regions which occurred in the mosque after the 2020 Elazig earthquake were compared with the dynamic analysis result of the 2020 Elazig earthquake. The crack regions formed after the Elazig earthquake are similar to the possible crack regions formed after the dynamic analysis.Öğe Seismic Behaviour of a Single Span Historical Masonry Bridge(Mouloud Mammeri Univ Tizi-Ouzou, 2023) Oezmen, Alper; Sayin, ErkutA major portion of the cultural heritage consists of old structures that are susceptible to earthquakes. These structures are prone to significant damage from natural disasters, particularly earthquakes. This study's primary goal is to assess the historical masonry bridge's seismic response to strong far-fault ground motions (FFGM) and near-fault ground motions (NFGM). The historical Sultan Suyu Masonry Bridge is used as a case study in this study. It was created with three-dimensional finite element software. The time history response of the bridge model is contrasted with one another in terms of stresses and displacements produced for FFGM and NFGM. The assessments take into account the FFGM and NFGM of the 1999 Duzce, 1999 Kocaeli, and 1992 Erzincan earthquakes, which had nearly equal peak ground accelerations. The results show that FFGM is equally significant as NFGM and that FFGM could be used in conjunction with NFGM to further evaluation of historical masonry arch bridges.Öğe Seismic Response of a Historical Masonry Bridge under Near and Far-fault Ground Motions(Budapest Univ Technology Economics, 2021) Ozmen, Alper; Sayin, ErkutHistorical masonry arch bridges which might be vulnerable to natural disasters are important part of the cultural heritage. Natural disasters, especially earthquakes can inflict damage to these structural systems. This paper aims to investigate a comparison of the effects of near and far-fault ground motions on the seismic response of masonry arch bridges under different earthquakes. Kalender masonry arch bridge which is located in Ergani, Turkey is selected as a numerical model. For this purpose, three-dimensional finite element model of the bridge is generated with ANSYS finite element software with macro modelling approach. Seismic response of the bridge is assessed by means of time-history analyses. The near-fault and far-fault ground motions, which have approximately equal peak ground accelerations, of 1979 Imperial Valley, 1999 Chi-Chi, 1999 Kocaeli and 2010 Darfield earthquakes are considered for the analyses. Comparisons between maximum displacements, maximum and minimum stress, which were acquired from the dynamic analyses of the masonry bridge subjected to each fault effect, are obtained. The study demonstrates that far-fault ground motions are as important as near-fault ground motions and it can be used together with near-fault ground motion for further evaluation of such historical masonry bridges.Öğe SEISMIC RESPONSE OF SINGLE SPAN MASONRY ARCH BRIDGES LOCATED IN ELAZIG AND MALATYA(Int Journal Bridge Engineering, 2023) Ozmen, Alper; Sayin, ErkutHistorical masonry arch bridges are a major portion of the transportation network in the world. They are mostly constructed with brick and stone materials. These structures are reasonably important, for transferring the history and life style of ancient societies. They have to protect against the unexpected effects (i.e., floods, fire, and earthquake). Due to these factors, seismic behavior of these structures must be well known. In this paper, three different single span masonry arch bridges (Veli Palas, Musa Palas and Mavilik) were chosen as a case study. ANSYS software was used to generate three-dimensional finite element model of the bridges. 1992 Erzincan, 1999 Duzce and 2003 Bingol earthquake records were used for dynamic time history analyses. Displacements, principal stresses, potential damage regions and seismic response of masonry bridges were evaluated after the dynamic analyses.
