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Öğe Acute effects of physical and mental fatigue on time perception in basketball players(Frontiers Media Sa, 2026) Ilbak, Ismail; Stojanovic, Stefan; Duz, Serkan; Kurhan, Cihad Onur; Suva, Matej; Cepicka, LadislavIntroduction Basketball is a fast-paced, cognitively demanding sport in which players must make rapid, time-dependent decisions under physical and mental strain. Despite the well-documented effects of fatigue on performance, its influence on athletes' perception of time remains insufficiently explored. This study aimed to examine the acute effects of physical and mental fatigue on time perception in basketball players. Methods This cross-sectional study included 34 healthy, volunteer male basketball players. The experimental procedure consisted of a familiarization session followed by two experimental conditions. Mental fatigue was induced using the color-word Stroop test, whereas physical fatigue was elicited through a standardized plyometric exercise protocol. Time perception was assessed before and after each fatigue condition across four target durations (6, 12, 18, and 24 s). A 72-hour recovery period between sessions was implemented to control for potential carryover effects. Results A significant time & times; fatigue & times; duration interaction was found (p < 0.05), demonstrating that mental and physical fatigue exerted opposite effects on time perception. Mental fatigue resulted in systematic underestimation of time, indicated by negative shifts in time estimation errors across all target durations. In contrast, physical fatigue led to consistent overestimation, reflected by positive shifts in estimation errors. These effects became more pronounced with increasing target duration, with the largest deviations observed at 18 and 24 seconds. Conclusion Time perception in basketball is not a fixed mechanism but a dynamic component of performance influenced by transient cognitive and physiological states. Mental fatigue is associated with a compression of perceived time, whereas physical fatigue leads to an expansion of perceived duration. These findings suggest that second-dependent decision-making in basketball is shaped not only by technical and tactical factors but also by fatigue-related states. Integrating fatigue management strategies and time-awareness training into basketball practice and competition may improve temporal accuracy and decision stability under pressure.Öğe Acute Effects of Self-Myofascial Release Through Foam Roller and Static Stretching Methods on Vertical Jump Performance of Taekwondo Players(Researchtrentz Acad Publ Education Services, 2022) Akarsu, Mehmet; Kurhan, Cihad Onur; Ilbak, Ismail; Altuntop, Recep; Gonc, Mesut; Stojanovic, Stefan; Purenovic-Ivanovic, TijanaThe objective of this research is to examine the acute effects of self-myofascial release through foam roller and static stretching methods on the vertical jump performance of taekwondo players. In this cross-sectional study, a randomized controlled experimental method, one of the quantitative research models, was used. 21 taekwondo players participated in this research voluntarily. The mean age of the participants was 15.95 +/-,865; the mean height was 172.90 +/- 3,846 and the mean body weight was 61,86 +/- 5,379. On the first day of the study, low-paced jogging was performed for 5 minutes at a heart rate of 120 (RS V800) and then their vertical jump performance was measured. On the second day of the research, low-paced jogging was performed for 5 minutes, and then a static stretching protocol was applied to taekwondo players, and then their vertical jump performance was measured. On the third day of the research, low-paced jogging was performed for 5 minutes and then self-myofascial release through foam roller protocol was applied to taekwondo players and then their vertical jump performances were measured. As a result of the research, it was determined that there was no statistical difference between 5 minutes of jogging at a slow pace and static stretching. However, it was determined that there were statistically significant differences both between 5 minutes of jogging at a slow pace and self-myofascial release and between static stretching and self-myofascial release (p<0.05). In conclusion, it can be said that self-myofascial release through foam roller exercises can affect vertical jump performance positively and at an acute level.Öğe Craving for exercise due to the disruption of daily routine by an earthquake(Frontiers Media Sa, 2025) Ilbak, Ismail; Yasuntimur, Ahmet; Stojanovic, Stefan; Duz, Serkan; Rydzik, Lukasz; Cepicka, LadislavObjectives The research aimed to examine exercise cravings that arise from the disruption of daily routine resulting from the earthquake and the consequent mandatory absence from exercising at fitness centers.Study design This study utilized the phenomenological design through qualitative research methods.Methods The research sample comprises six individuals aged between 22 and 29 years. They were selected using the criterion sampling method. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews, and thematic analysis was used to analyze the data.Results Two different types of cravings were identified. The first type is related to exercise addiction, while the second type is related to anxiety-induced cravings.Conclusions Exercise craving manifests in two ways. The first type originates from exercise addiction, emerging when an individual with exercise addiction experiences a lack of exercise. With a more clinical dimension, the second type arises from the inability to engage in training for uncontrollable reasons.Öğe The Effects of Different Stretching Techniques Used in Warm-Up on the Triggering of Post-Activation Performance Enhancement in Soccer Players(Mdpi, 2024) Kurak, Kemal; Ilbak, Ismail; Stojanovic, Stefan; Bayer, Ramazan; Purenovic-Ivanovic, Tijana; Palka, Tomasz; Ambrozy, TadeuszThe aim of this research was to investigate the effects of different stretching techniques used during warm-up exercises prior to post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) on the explosive lower extremity strength performance of soccer players. This cross-sectional study involved the participation of 13 male soccer players with an average age of 22.38 +/- 1.75, body height of 174.38 +/- 3.94, and body mass of 72.30 +/- 4.13. To determine the participants' maximal strength performance, one repeated maximal strength (1-RM) squat exercise was applied. The PAPE protocol was then implemented with a squat exercise consisting of three repetitions at 80% of 1-RM. The warm-up protocols consisted of 5 min of cycling, followed by dynamic stretching, static stretching, or proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching exercises. These protocols were applied on four different days with a 72 h interval. A vertical jump test was conducted to measure the participants' explosive strength performance. The research data were analyzed using IBM Statistics (SPSS version 26.0, Armonk, NY, USA) software. The findings of this study revealed statistically significant differences in vertical jump performance values after PAPE among participants based on the different stretching techniques used during warm-up (p = 0.00). In this context, the research concluded that dynamic stretching is the optimal stretching technique during warm-up exercises before PAPE to maximize its effects. On the other hand, static stretching was found to negatively affect performance by absorbing the PAPE effect.Öğe Effects of resistance training on fitness parameters in older adults: a systematic review(H.S. Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University, 2025) Ilic, Tamara; Mijalkovic, Stefan; Stojanovic, Stefan; Ilbak, Ismail; Pavlovic, Ratko; Radulovic, Nikola; Vrcic, MensurBackground and purpose Physical activity has been shown to produce numerous beneficial effects, including improved cardiovascular function, reduced body fat percentage, increased muscular strength, enhanced endurance, and greater flexibility. Accordingly, physical activity is considered a crucial factor in enhancing the quality of life in older adults. The aim of this study was to analyze literature that investigates the effects of resistance training on fitness parameters in older adults. Material and methods A systematic search was conducted using databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and Research Gate, focusing on studies published between 2015 and December 31, 2024. Keywords used included: elderly, physical fitness, strength training, health outcomes. The inclusion criteria comprised original scientific studies, tested at least one measure of fitness parameters and involving older adult participants and experimental interventions with resistance training. A total of 17 studies met the criteria and were analyzed in detail. Results The findings indicate that resistance training regardless of intensity level (low, moderate, or high) has a consistently positive effect on muscle strength, endurance, flexibility, cardiovascular function, body composition, balance, and overall functional mobility in older individuals. Training modalities included the use of weights, bodyweight exercises, resistance bands, and unstable surfaces. The frequency of interventions ranged from 8 weeks to 2.3 years, with training frequency mostly between two and three sessions per week. Studies combining resistance training with balance training or aerobic exercises demonstrated additional benefits. Conclusions The reviewed evidence suggests that resistance training is an effective and safe strategy for improving the physical fitness and health of older adults, potentially reducing the risk of falls and chronic diseases. It is recommended that resistance training be incorporated into regular physical activity routines, ideally alongside aerobic and flexibility exercises, to maximize overall health outcomes in the aging population. © Ilic T, Mijalkovic S, Stefan Stojanovic S, Ilbak I, Pavlovic R, Nikola Radulovic N, Vrcic M, Nikolic S., 2025.Öğe Effects of Swimming on the Body Composition of Individuals with Down Syndrome: A Systematic Review(Anadolu Univ, 2022) Sekban, Gulsah; Stojanovic, Stefan; Ilkim, Mehmet; Ilbak, Ismail; Jorgic, BojanIn the literature, it has been determined that various training models are applied to optimize the body health and body composition of individuals with Down Syndrome (DS). Although it has been reported in review studies that many training models are effective in improving the body health and body composition of individuals with DS, there is no consensus among researchers about how swimming exercises affect the body health and body composition of individuals with DS. In this context, the aim of the research is to reach a conclusion by utilizing the studies examining the effects of swimming on the body compositions of individuals with DS. This research was designed using the systematic review method and findings were obtained through this method. A total of 8689 articles were found in the search made on Web of Science and Google Scholar databases, and as a result of the evaluation made within the scope of the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the research, 8 articles were included in the research. As a result of the research findings, it has been concluded that there is no consensus among researchers about the effects of swimming on the body composition of individuals with DS, and also that very few studies have been conducted on this subject. Therefore, it is recommended to conduct more research on this subject.Öğe Egzersize Başlamayı Ertelemek: Egzersiz Erteleme Ölçeği (EEÖ)(2025) Duz, Serkan; Akarsu, Mehmet; İlbak, İsmail; Yasuntimur, Ahmet; Stojanovic, Stefan; Karadenizli, Zeynep InciAmaç: Egzersize katılım, sosyal, kişisel ve çevresel faktörlerden etkilenen karmaşık bir davranışsal süreç olmakla birlikte egzersiz yapmayı ertelemek oldukça yaygın bir durumdur. Egzersize katılımı ertelemenin altında yatan sebepleri anlaşılır kılacak bir ölçeğin geliştirilmesi, bireylerin egzersiz yapmaya karşı olan erteleme eğilimlerini anlamak, ölçmek ve müdahale stratejileri geliştirmek için oldukça önemlidir. Bu bağlamda bu araştırmada egzersizi erteleme nedenlerini incelemeyi ve anlamayı mümkün kılacak bir ölçeğin geliştirmesi amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Tarama modelinden faydalanarak tasarlanan bu araştırmanın katılımcı grubu düzenli olarak egzersiz yapmayan 18- 55 yaş aralığında toplam 1060 birey oluşturmaktadır. Ölçek maddeleri, literatür taraması ve alan uzmanları görüşleri alınarak hazırlanmıştır. Bulgular: Yapılan açımlayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda, zaman, motivasyon ve kaygı olmak üzere üç alt boyuttan oluşan toplam 10 madde içeren bir yapı elde edilmiştir. Bu yapı, doğrulayıcı faktör analiziyle sınanmış ve geçerliliği doğrulanmıştır. Ölçek güvenirliği, iç tutarlık kat sayısı, açıklanan ortalama varyans, kompozit güvenirlilik değerleri ve güvenirlilik katsayısı kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Yapılan analizler, ölçeğin tüm alt boyutlarında 0,70'in üzerinde Cronbach’s Alpha iç tutarlılık katsayısına, güvenirlik katsayısına ve kompozit güvenirlilik değerine sahip olduğunu ve 0,50'nin üzerinde açıklanan ortalama varyansa sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Sonuç: Bu araştırma sonucunda geliştirilen ölçeğin güvenilir ve geçerli bir ölçüm aracı olduğu sonucuna varılabilir. Bu ölçek, egzersizi ertelemeye ilişkin nedenleri anlamak ve müdahale stratejileri geliştirmek için kullanılabilir.Öğe Examining the effects of post-activation performance enhancement on boxers' visual reaction time(Stowarzyszenie Idokan Polska-Idokan Poland Assoc, 2024) Ilbak, Ismail; Stojanovic, Stefan; Rydzik, Lukasz; Ambrozy, Tadeusz; Wasacz, Wojciech; Kasicki, Krzysztof; Ilbak, Yunus emreBackground. There is strong evidence suggesting that Post-Activation Performance Enhancement (PAPE) can acutely enhance various aspects of sports performance, such as strength, endurance, speed, and agility. However, there is a gap in research regarding the effects of PAPE on reaction time performance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of PAPE on the visual reaction time performances of amateur boxers. Material and Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 17 amateur boxers. Anthropometric measurements were taken, and participants performed a 1-RM Bench Press performance test preceded by 5 minutes of low-intensity running. The PAPE pro- tocol was then administered 72 hours later after another 5 minutes of low-intensity running to avoid fatigue. Visual reaction time was measured immediately before the PAPE protocol and six times at 3-minute intervals afterward. Data were analyzed using IBM Statistics (SPSS, ver. 26.0, Armonk, NY, USA) software. Results. The study found that although there was a difference in the mean visual reaction time performance of participants before and after the PAPE protocol, this difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that PAPE does not have an enhancing effect on the visual reaction time performance of boxers. Conclusions. In conclusion, this study suggests that PAPE does not significantly affect visual reaction time performance in amateur boxers. Further research may be warranted to explore other factors that may influence reaction time in this population.Öğe Hip and shoulder flexibility in novice rhythmic gymnasts and age-matched controls: Inter-limb asymmetry(Romanian Assoc Balneology, 2024) Purenovic-Ivanovic, Tijana; Sterkowicz-Przybycien, Katarzyna; Dosic, Andela; Stojanovic, Stefan; Ilbak, IsmailRhythmic gymnastics is a sport of asymmetry and lateral preferences, so the main objective of this study was to examine and compare hip and shoulder range of motion (ROM) and inter-limb asymmetry in 44 rhythmic gymnasts (RGs) and 51 age-matched non-athletes (NAs), i.e. controls. The baseline characteristics of 95 female participants, divided into two age- group categories (U8: 6-8 years, N=36; U11: 8-11 years, N=59) were established, as well as their hip (right/left hip flexion, right/left hip extension, right/left hip abduction, in degrees) and shoulder ROM (right/left shoulder flexion, right/left shoulder extension, in degrees), and asymmetry index (ASI, in %) was calculated. Significant differences between RGs and NAs were established (the exception is hip and shoulder extension in U8s, p>0.05), with greater ROM values recorded in RGs. Significant age differences were recorded among RGs in hip flexion and left hip abduction (p<0.05), in favor of U11s, and within NAs only in the case of right hip flexion (p=0.017), but in favor of U8s. The presence of asymmetries (ASI>15%), as well as its absence, is established in both RGs and NAs, but statistically significant side-to-side differences were recorded in U8 NAs (shoulder flexion, p=0.044) and U11 NAs (shoulder extension, p=0.057).Öğe Impact of walking on cardiovascular health in adults and older adults: A systematic review(Revista Insuficiencia Cardiaca, 2024) Lbak, Ismail; Ilic, Tamara; Stojanovic, Stefan; Pavlovic, Ratko; Radulovic, Nikola; Gerdijan, Nikolina; Kylymnyk, IrinaThis systematic review evaluates how walking affects cardiovascular health in adults and older adults. By examining different types and durations of walking and their impact on cardiovascular parameters, it synthesizes evidence from current studies. Following PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane, MEDLINE, and Web of Science using predefined keywords, yielding 15 articles that met the inclusion criteria. Overall, the findings show that walking has predominantly beneficial effects on cardiovascular health and contributes to the prevention of cardiovascular disease, especially in older individuals. Low-to moderate-intensity walking is particularly associated with favorable cardiovascular changes. However, the lack of significant benefits in some studies appears to be related to individual variability and differences in walking frequency, duration, and protocol design. Future research should prioritize longer-term interventions with walking programs adapted to individual characteristics to obtain clearer and more generalizable results.Öğe Investigation of maximal strength performance in terms of training time routine(Iermakov S S, 2024) Ilbak, Ismail; Eken, Ozgur; Stojanovic, Stefan; Joksimovic, Marko; Pavlovic, Ratko; Radulovic, NikolaBackground and Study Aim In recent years, there has been a growing interest in understanding the relationship between daily training time, circadian rhythms, and athletic performance. The connection between daily training time, circadian rhythms, and athletic performance continues to be a subject of research debate. Therefore, the aim of this research is to investigate whether maximal strength performance is affected by daily training time routines. Material and Methods This cross-sectional study involved a total of 36 male bodybuilding athletes, who were divided into three equal groups (n=12); Noon Group, Afternoon Group, and Evening Group. The distinguishing feature amongst the groups was that they had been training at different times of the day for the past 6 months, and within each group, athletes had been training at the same time of day (Noon Group 12:00-14:00; Afternoon Group 17:00-19:00; Evening Group 21:00-23:00). A one -repetition maximum squat test was administered to each group with there being a 72 -hour interval between the tests. Results The findings from the research indicate that there is a relationship between athletes' daily training time routines and maximal strength performance. Athletes perform at their best during the time that corresponds to their daily training routine. The analysis reveals a statistically significant advantage in 1-RM squat performance for athletes adhering to their daily training time routines at various times of the day (p <0.001). Notably, Group Noon, Group Afternoon, and Group Evening achieved their highest 1-RM squat performance when following their respective daily training time routines. Conclusions Results underscore the importance of aligning training schedules with athletes' natural rhythms, enhancing performance optimization strategies. It is believed that effective planning for training time by coaches and conditioning experts, taking into account competition times, would be a valuable strategy.Öğe Investigation of the Acute Effects of Self-Myofascial Release Technique on Jump Performance Applied to Plantar Myofascial through Tennis Ball(Anadolu Univ, 2022) Ceviker, Abdulkerim; Eroglu, Seref; Ilbak, Ismail; Stojanovic, StefanThe aim of this study was to examine the acute effects of self-myofascial release technique applied to the plantar myofascial through tennis ball on jumping performance of taekwondo athletes. Randomized controlled experimental method was used in this cross-sectional study. 46 competitive taekwondo athletes with >= 3 years' experience participated in research voluntarily. Participants were randomly divided into two groups: control (mean age: 21.21 +/- 2.27; height 173.08 +/- 4.89; body weight 63.17 +/- 7.06) and experimental (mean age: 21.00 +/- 2.55; height 170.56 +/- 5.06; body weight 57.60 +/- 8.46). As a pre-test, the vertical jump performance values of both groups were taken after 5 minutes of running and 4-5 minutes of rest. After 48 hours, the vertical jump performance values of the control group were taken again after 5 minutes of running only. The vertical jump performance values of the experimental group were obtained after the self-myofascial release technique, which consists of three sets applied for 20 seconds each, following a 5-minute slow pace run. SPSS (SPSS version 26.0, Armonk, NY) was used to analyze the research data. As a result of the findings obtained in the study, it was observed that there were no statistically significant differences between the vertical jump performance pretest-posttest values of the control and experimental groups (p<.05). As a result, it was concluded that the self-myofascial release technique applied to the plantar myofascial by means of a tennis ball did not have an acute effect on the jumping performance of taekwondo athletes.Öğe The effect of time of day on visual reaction time performance in boxers: evaluation in terms of chronotype(Frontiers Media Sa, 2025) Kurak, Kemal; Ilbak, Ismail; Stojanovic, Stefan; Bayer, Ramazan; Ilbak, Yunus Emre; Kasicki, Krzysztof; Ambrozy, TadeuszIntroduction Considering the impact of individual differences on athletes' performance, chronotype emerges as a crucial variable in training program design. Chronotype influences an individual's ability to achieve peak physical and cognitive performance at different times of the day based on their biological rhythms. While numerous studies have explored the relationship between chronotype and physical performance, its effect on reaction time performance remains insufficiently investigated. In sports, where reaction time is a key determinant-such as in boxing-understanding this relationship could contribute to the personalization of training programs. Therefore, the aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine how the visual reaction performance of active boxers varies at different times of the day based on their chronotypes. Methods Twenty-four active boxers participated in the study. Their chronotypes were determined using the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire, categorizing them as either morning type (M-type) or evening type (E-type). The participants were divided into two groups: M-type (n = 12) and E-type (n = 12). Each participant completed a visual reaction time (VRT) performance test at three different times of the day: morning (09:00 h), afternoon (13:00 h), and evening (17:00 h). Results The findings revealed a statistically significant group x time interaction effect on VRT performance (p < 0.01). M-type athletes showed a significant decline in VRT performance during the evening compared to the morning and afternoon. In contrast, E-type athletes demonstrated significantly better performance in the evening compared to the morning. Conclusions Boxers' visual reaction time performance varies throughout the day depending on their chronotype. These results suggest that coaches and exercise specialists should consider athletes' chronotypes when designing training programs focused on reaction time enhancement. To optimize performance, it is recommended that M-type athletes conduct such training sessions in the morning, while E-type athletes should train in the evening, when their reaction time performance tends to peak.Öğe The effects of physical activity on self-esteem in older adults: a systematic review(Frontiers Media Sa, 2025) Mijalkovic, Stefan; Stojanovic, Stefan; Lilic, Ana; Ilic, Tamara; Ilbak, Ismail; Kasicki, Krzysztof; Niewczas-Czarny, PatrykBackground: The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the impact of physical activity on self-esteem levels in older adults. Methods: This review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched using the following terms (in English): (physical activity OR physical exercise OR training) AND (self-esteem OR self-confidence OR self-respect) AND (male OR female) AND older adults. Results: Out of 3,732 identified publications, after removing duplicates and initial screening, 17 studies were ultimately included in the analysis (total of 1,820 participants). All included studies showed a statistically significant positive relationship between regular physical activity and higher self-esteem in older adults. Particularly beneficial effects were observed for aerobic training (e.g., walking, jogging, cycling), yoga sessions, and exercises targeting strength, endurance, and coordination development. Conclusion: Regular participation in activities such as walking, yoga, and moderate-intensity exercises positively influences self-esteem in older adults, making physical activity an important factor for psychological well-being in later life. Systematic review registration: The systematic review was registered in the PROSPERO database and is available under the ID number: CRD420251011376, https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420251011376.
