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Öğe A GUIDE TO THE PREPARATION AND USE OF INTERVIEW TECHNIQUES IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH AND THE PLACE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE METHOD (EXAMPLE OF RESEARCH ON YOUTH AND DIFFERENT BELIEF TENDENCIES)(Ilahiyat Bilimleri Arastirma Vakfi, 2025) Ince, Abdullah; Erultunca, Tugba; Berber, Saliha Vidinlioglu; Temiz, Yunus Emre; Cinici, MuratThis research aims to evaluate the interview technique, which is widely used in qualitative research, both in terms of its application steps and the difficulties encountered during its use, through the researcher's experiences. In addition, focuses on the usability of Artificial Intelligence technologies as a participant, which are widely used in research despite being the subject of intense debate and criticism today. Qualitative interviews, defined as a process of interaction and dialogue between the researcher and the interviewees, can provide detailed and in-depth answers beyond the explanation of the research questions within the framework of cause-and-effect relationships. This study discusses the process of constructing interview questions used in a qualitative study of belief and disbelief among university students. While the tendencies of disbelief among young people appear as agnosticism and atheism, the existence of young people who choose deism, which is one of the tendencies of belief, is also striking. The content of the study consists of the selection of questions prepared on atheism, agnosticism, and deism, the expert opinions used on the questions, the data obtained as a result of applying the questions to the pilot group, and, finally, the comparison of the answers obtained by applying the selected questions to artificial intelligence. This comparison was made to assess the potential impact of the questions on individuals with different belief tendencies and to observe the diversity of responses. The first part of the study examined the methodology of studies in the existing literature on belief tendencies. The focus was on issues such as question writing, question selection, word usage, and question order. The second part involved the writing and selection of semi-structured interview questions. The issues emphasized in this and subsequent stages are presented through the researcher's experience. In this context, questions related to atheism, deism, and agnosticism were written based on the existing literature on belief tendencies, and the process of creating interview questions was discussed, taking into consideration issues such as the selection of written questions, word choice, and which word would be more appropriate. In the process of writing and selecting the questions for the study, expert opinion was also used and an attempt was made to create the right phrase by exchanging ideas about the interview questions with both atheist and deist people. The third part of the study is the part where the expert opinions are taken into account and the questions are reformulated with these opinions. In addition to the methodological work of writing and selecting the questions, this part of the study includes the application of the questions to a pilot group and the artificial intelligence used as an interviewer, and the evaluation of the written questions. In the fourth section, the pilot application of the questions, the steps taken by the interviewer in asking the questions, the problems encountered, and his opinion on which questions worked and which did not, were examined. As a result of the pilot, the questions were re-examined, word choices were adjusted, questions were added, and removed, the order of questions was changed and the interview questions were rearranged. In the final part of the study, the existing questions were submitted to artificial intelligence. The aim is to evaluate the effect of the selected questions on people with different belief tendencies and to observe the diversity of responses by having the AI answer questions such as an atheist, an agnostic, and a deist person. Another notable aspect of the study is the examination of how artificial intelligence works in answering qualitative interview questions. Considering the potential contributions and limitations that artificial intelligence can provide in this type of qualitative research, an assessment of whether these technologies will replace human participants in the future offers important clues about the future of technology and human interaction. The ultimate aim is to contribute to a concrete description of what happens in the field when all that has been written, recommended, and criticized about the method is brought together with real field experience. At the outset, it should be made clear that the aim is not to provide a 'recipe book' for the use of the interview technique. Given the flexible nature of qualitative research, the ultimate aim of this study is to show that field experiences, which are often not clearly expressed, included, or excluded in the research field, are inherent in the steps of the preferred technique and to be one of the road maps illustrated with researcher experiences, especially for young researchers. In addition, the study offers original contributions to the use of artificial intelligence as an interviewer in qualitative research.Öğe Beliren Yetişkinlerde Yaşam Doyumunun Yordayıcıları Olarak Farklı Din Anlayışları: Seküler ve Muhafazakâr Perspektifler(2025) Temiz, Yunus EmreBu çalışma beliren yetişkinlik dönemindeki bireylerin benimsedikleri farklı din anlayışları ile yaşam doyumları arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Beliren yetişkinlik bireylerin kimlik, değer ve inanç sistemlerini yeniden şekillendirdikleri ve bu nedenle din anlayışlarının yaşam doyumu üzerinde daha belirgin etkiler gösterebildiği bir dönemdir. Literatürde dindarlık ile öznel iyi oluşun göstergelerinden yaşam doyumu arasında pozitif bir ilişki olduğuna dair güçlü ampirik kanıtlar bulunmakla birlikte, bu ilişkinin farklı din anlayışları açısından nasıl şekillendiği yeterince açık değildir. Bu doğrultuda araştırma, seküler-mesafeli ve muhafazakâr-geleneksel din anlayışlarının yaşam doyumu üzerindeki yordayıcı rollerini analiz etmeyi hedeflemiştir. Bu sayede bireylerin dine yaklaşım biçimleri ile yaşam memnuniyetleri arasında nasıl bir bağlantı olduğu araştırılmıştır. Araştırma nicel yaklaşımla ve ilişkisel tarama deseni kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada 18-29 yaş aralığındaki 562 beliren yetişkinden veri toplanmıştır. Bulgular muhafazakâr-geleneksel din anlayışının yaşam doyumunu pozitif yönde, seküler-mesafeli anlayışın ise negatif yönde yordadığını ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca gelir algısının yaşam doyumu üzerinde din anlayışlarından daha güçlü bir etkiye sahip olduğu bulunmuştur. Bu bulgular dinin sadece metafizik bir inanç sistemi olmanın ötesinde, bireylerin yaşamdan aldıkları doyumu şekillendiren psikososyal bir kaynak olduğunu göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte yaşam doyumunu anlamada sadece dini yönelimlerin değil, ekonomik faktörlerin de dikkate alınması gerektiği anlaşılmaktadır. Bu bulgular, din anlayışlarının yaşam doyumu üzerindeki etkisini merkeze alarak literatüre kavramsal bir katkı sunmaktadır. Aynı zamanda beliren yetişkinlerin yaşam doyumlarını desteklemeye yönelik psikolojik danışmanlık ve manevi rehberlik uygulamalarında, bireysel din anlayışlarının dikkate alınması gerektiğini göstermektedir. Gelecekteki çalışmalarda, din anlayışlarının yanı sıra ekonomik ve sosyal faktörlerin bütüncül biçimde ele alınması önerilmektedir.Öğe In the Shadow of Fear, in the Light of Hope: The Effect of Earthquake Fear and Religiosity on Future Expectation Through Hope(Ataturk Univ, 2025) Temiz, Yunus EmreThis study examines how earthquake fear and religiosity shape future expectations through hope by using data obtained from university students who experienced the 6 February 2023 Kahraman-mara & scedil; earthquakes. The main purpose of the study is to test the hypothesis that earthquake fear and religiosity affect future expectancy not directly but through hope. This issue is meaningful in terms of emphasising the importance of hope-oriented and spiritually sensitive interventions in the psychosocial recovery processes of young people after disasters. In the study based on correlational survey design, data were collected from 406 students who experienced the earthquake through a questionnaire. The data were analysed with descriptive statistics and correlations and then tested with structural equation modelling. The results obtained emphasised four points: (i) While fear of earthquake weakens hope, religiosity strengthens hope; (ii) Hope emerged as the strongest variable determining students'future expectations; (iii) Religiosity, rather than directly reducing earthquake fear, strengthens alternative psychological resources that buffer its effects; (iv) The direct effects of fear of earthquake and religiosity on future expectations lose their direct meaning when hope is taken into account, while indirect effects are preserved. Bootstrap analyses confirmed that the effect of both variables on future expectation is fully mediated through hope. These findings suggest that the main determinant of young people's view of the future is not fear or belief, but how these factors shape hope. The research emphasises that post-disaster psychosocial support programmes should include spiritual content that nourishes young people's sources of hope, rather than focusing only on reducing fear. In line with the findings, it is recommended that the model be re-tested in different contexts with longitudinal designs and cross-cultural comparisons. This integrated approach offers a unique contribution to the process of hope-centred recovery at both theoretical and practical levels by intersecting trauma and psychology of religion literatures.Öğe Maintaining Optimism During University Years: The Mediating Role of Optimism in the Effect of Religious Motivation on Helplessness(Sirnak Univ, 2025) Temiz, Yunus EmreThis study examines the relationships between religious motivation, optimism, and helplessness among university students, aiming to explore whether religiosity reduces helplessness and whether optimism mediates this effect. The university years represent a phase where individuals face significant psychological challenges, making this research particularly relevant for both theory and practice. Although prior studies have investigated the link between religiosity and helplessness, the mechanisms underlying this relationship remain underexplored. Crucially, there is a paucity of research focusing on mediating variables-such as optimism-that may explain how religiosity influences helplessness. The need for research exploring whether the psychological impact of religiosity operates not only directly but also through positive individual resources such as optimism constitutes the fundamental motivation of this study. Adopting a quantitative correlational design, data were collected via questionnaire from 502 university students. The findings revealed that religiosity significantly enhances optimism, while optimism, in turn, strongly reduces feelings of helplessness. Mediation analysis confirmed that optimism fully mediates the relationship between religiosity and helplessness. The results underscore that understanding psychological resilience among university students requires attention not only to their level of religiosity but also to the mental frameworks it fosters-particularly optimism. This study highlights the need to consider positive psychological resources, such as optimism, when examining the mechanisms of religiosity's benefits. In this regard, mental health interventions for university students should integrate both spiritual resources and psychological competencies to offer more comprehensive support.Öğe Religious Services in the February 6 Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes: A Field Study in the Context of Spiritual Counseling and Guidance(Anadolu Ilahiyat Akademisi, 2023) Ince, Abdullah; Temiz, Yunus Emre; Erdinc, ZiyaNatural disasters are one of the periods when the need for religious services emerges clearly. This need is clearly seen from the interpretation of disasters to the solution of post-disaster mental and spiritual problems. The Presidency of Religious Affairs, in coordination with other state institutions, provided various services in order to meet the needs of the individiual and the society after natural disasters. Spiritual counseling and guidance, which is one of the most im-portant of these, is a service provided within the scope of meeting the psychological and spir-itual needs of people after a disaster, keeping their morale high and making sense of the disaster. The study is based on the following question: What are the spiritual counseling services provided by the religious officials in the acute period after the disaster, and how do these services work? The aim of this research is to determine the current status of the Spiritual Counseling and Guidance (SCG) service, which is an essential component of the religious services offered in the provinces most affected by the earthquake, by the Presidency of Religious Affairs after Kahramanmaras Earth-quakes on February 6, 2023, through the observations made on the service providers and service recipients, and to develop recommendations. This study was carried out by focusing on the cul-tural analysis (ethnography) design, which is one of the qualitative research approaches. Partic-ipated and unattended observation was used as a data collection technique in the research, and a semi-structured observation form was used as a data collection tool. At the end of this field research, it was observed that under the current conditions, SCG services are not based on a systematic counselor-counselee relationship, but rather on a consolation process in which vis-its, asking about well-being, chatting, reciting the Qur'an, and praying come to the fore. As it was the the first weeks after the earthquake, it was found that it was common to provide spir-itual counseling and guidance services (SCG) through funeral services, cemetery visits, conver-sations in mosques. It has been determined that the public`s approach to the services provided is positive, but the access to young people remains limited. One-to-one communication and reg-ular visits by the Directorate of Religious Affairs officials with the disaster victims facilitated services other than spiritual counseling and guidance. Therefore, reducing the services pro-vided by Directorate of Religious Affairs religious education only means not evaluating the ser-vice provided in the region sufficiently.Öğe Spiritual Meaning Making and Trauma Recovery: Evaluation of a Psycho-social Intervention for Earthquake Survivors in Turkey(Springer, 2025) Kizilgecit, Muhammed; Okan, Nesrullah; Demir, Yasin; Cinici, Murat; Temiz, Yunus Emre; Toprak, Fatma Betuel; Akca, EmrullahThis study sets out to develop a psycho-social model for assessing the effectiveness of spiritually oriented logotherapy for earthquake victims with PTSD following the 6 February 2023, Kahramanmara & scedil; earthquake in Turkey. The findings of this study will undoubtedly contribute to the development of post-disaster spiritual support services. We developed and implemented a six-week Psycho-Social Training Programme through Spiritually Oriented Meaning in the cities of Malatya, Elaz & imath;& gbreve; and Kahramanmara & scedil;, which were significantly affected by the earthquake. A randomised controlled trial (RCT) design was used, with participants randomly assigned to either the intervention group or the control group. Pre-test and post-test assessments were conducted to evaluate the programme's impact. The findings were clear: the programme significantly reduced PTSD symptoms (p < .05), proving the effectiveness of a meaning-oriented approach in the survivors' healing process. Additionally, the programme made a positive contribution to spiritual support services and provided a model to meet post-disaster psychological needs. This programme demonstrated its potential as an effective method for addressing PTSD and enhancing spiritual recovery in earthquake survivors.Öğe The Relationship Between Fear of Earthquake, Religiosity, and Hopelessness Among University Students Affected by the 6 February Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes(Sakarya Univ, 2025) Temiz, Yunus EmreThis study investigates the relationship and interaction between fear of earthquakes, religiosity, and hopelessness among university students who experienced the Kahramanmara & scedil; earthquakes on 6 February 2023. Natural disasters such as earthquakes are not only associated with physical destruction but also with profound psychological repercussions, particularly for those directly affected. Within this framework, understanding how fear of earthquakes relates to variables such as hopelessness and religious motivation may provide critical insights for the development of post-disaster psychological interventions. This quantitative study employed a correlational survey design and included 671 university students who were earthquake survivors. The findings reveal that fear of earthquakes is positively associated with hopelessness, whereas religiosity exhibits a negative association. In other words, higher levels of fear are linked to increased hopelessness, while individuals with stronger religiosity tend to demonstrate more hopeful attitudes. No significant correlation was found between fear of earthquakes and religiosity. Given the observed mitigating role of religiosity on hopelessness, it is recommended that spiritual counseling services be utilized more effectively in the aftermath of disasters. Integrating psychotherapeutic approaches aimed at reducing the psychological impact of earthquake-related fear with religious and spiritual guidance may positively contribute to the recovery processes of those affected by the earthquake. The study underscores the necessity for post-disaster a more comprehensive understanding of these dynamics.Öğe Türkiye’de İnanç Düzeylerini Belirlemeye Yönelik Nicel Çalışma Örnekleri: Literatür Taraması(2024) İnce, Abdullah; Temiz, Yunus Emre; Karataş, Meryemİnanç sistemleri toplumsal yaşamı yönlendirme ve değiştirme işlevine sahiptir. Bu bağlamda inançların kültürün önemli bir parçası olarak kabul edilmesi araştırmalara konu olmuştur. Sosyal bilimcilerin din ve inançla ilgili çalışmaları son yüzyılda artış göstermiştir. Türkiye’de konuyla ilgili ölçek çalışmaları Batı’dan uyarlama ile başlamış, bir süre sonra kültüre özgü ölçek denemeleri ile devam etmiştir. Bu alanda çalışmaların artmasına rağmen inançla ilgili çalışmalar kendi içinde bazı zorluklar barındırmaktadır. Kavramlara yüklenen anlamların farklılaşması bu zorluklar arasındadır. Aynı zamanda bireylerin inanç düzeylerini aktarma noktasında olduğundan farklı gösterme çabaları mümkündür. Çalışmanın amacı Türkiye’de inanç düzeylerini belirlemeye yönelik olarak oluşturulan ölçek çalışmaları bağlamında literatürü ortaya koymaktır. İnanç ölçüm araçlarında amentü ya da imanın şartları olarak isimlendirilen bölüm, çalışmanın konusunu oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma kapsamında inanç, dini inançlar ve dindarlık ölçeklerine odaklanılmıştır. Uyarlama ölçek olarak nitelendirilen ölçekler çalışma kapsamında değildir. Konuyla ilgili yapılan literatür çalışmaları genellikle dindarlık ölçekleri ile sınırlandırılmıştır. Bu çalışmayı özgün kılan durum daha geniş bir veri yelpazesini kapsaması ve dindarlık ölçümlerinden ziyade bireylerin inanç düzeylerini ölçen çalışma örneklerini incelemesidir. Nitel araştırma yönteminin kullanıldığı çalışmada elde edilen veriler, doküman inceleme yöntemlerine ilişkin alan yazın taranarak toplanmıştır. Çalışma, ölçekleri içerdiği inanç bileşenleri, oluşturulma tarihi ve gelecekteki araştırmalara temel oluşturması gibi özellikleri açısından ele alarak bir betimleme yapmaktadır. Bu çalışma, dindarlık ve inanç düzeylerinin çeşitli yönlerini ölçmeyi amaçlayan çalışmalar incelenerek oluşturulmuştur. Araştırma sonucunda dindarlık biçim ve boyutlarında farklılıklar olduğu, ölçeklerin oluşturulmasında benzer ifadelerin kullanıldığı, çalışmalarda elde edilen sonuçların her zaman birbiriyle tutarlı olmadığı ortaya çıkmıştır. İncelenen ölçeklerin temel inanç bileşeni Allah inancıdır. Aynı zamanda araştırma aracılığıyla ölçek çalışmalarına katkıda bulunmak isteyen bilim insanlarına genel bir betimleme yapılmıştır.
