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Öğe Are adolescents with social anxiety disorder in danger of peer bullying?(2024) Sireli, Ozlem; Ucuz, Ilknur; Cicek, Ayla Uzun; Abanoz, Elif; Arslan, Semiha ComertogluAim: This study aimed to assess the rates of peer bullying and stress-coping strategies in adolescents with SAD and to investigate the relationship between SAD and different types of peer bullying. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included ninety-two adolescents aged 14 to 17 years with SAD and one hundred-five typically developing adolescents. A semi-structured psychiatric interview, the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents (SAS-A), the Peer Bullying Scale-Adolescent Form (PBS-AF), and the Coping Scale for Adolescents (CSA) were applied to all participants. Peer bullying was classified into six types (physical, verbal, exclusion, spreading rumors, attacks against property, and sexual) and two roles (bullying and victimization). Results: On every subscale of the PBS-AF victimization dimension, the SAD group’s mean scores were significantly higher than those of the controls. Regarding the PBSAF bullying dimension, the Physical Bullying and Sexual Bullying scores of the SAD group were significantly lower than the control group, but the Isolation/ Exclusion scores were significantly higher than the control group. Compared to the control group, the mean scores of Active Coping of CSA were significantly lower, while the mean scores of Negative Coping and Avoidant Coping were significantly higher in the SAD group. The SAS-A’s total score had a significant positive correlation with all subscales of the PBS-AF victimization dimension. Age, gender, academic performance, and psychiatric comorbidity had a predictive effect on some of the victimization dimension variables of peer bullying. Conclusion: This study has revealed that SAD is an important risk factor for peer victimization. The routine psychiatric examination of adolescents with SAD should also include a screening for peer bullying.Öğe Can suicide behavior and seasonality of suicide be predicted from inflammatory parameters in adolescents?(Churchill Livingstone, 2020) Ucuz, Ilknur; Tetik, Burcu KayhanAccording to the 2017 data of World Health organization approximately 800 million individuals commit suicide annually. After understanding that psychiatric disorders start the inflammation process by suppressing the brain, a number of studies using neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, platelet/lymphocyte ratio and monocyte/lymphocyte ratio have been conducted. Platelet/lymphocyte ratio, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, monocyte/lymphocyte ratio and other hemogram parameters may be a marker in predicting suicide. In addition, the determination of the relationship between these inflammatory markers and the cyclicity/seasonality of suicide can provide a basis for preventive mental health measures. This hypothesis was performed on 193 patients who attempted suicide and the control group consisted of 109 healthy children and adolescents between 2014 and 2019. Data were evaluated by SPSS software version 22 and a value of p < 0.05 was accepted to be significant in all tests. In our study, we found that hemogram parameters showing inflammation were significantly higher in the patients who committed suicide. Another finding of this study is that inflammation is directly related to suicide attempt rather than seasonality in adolescents who commit suicide. Rigorous testing of this medical hypothesis with other research will have major clinical and policy implications for preventive mental health.Öğe Can Temperament and Character Traits Be Used in the Diagnostic Differentiation of Children With ADHD?(Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2021) Ucuz, Ilknur; Cicek, Ayla Uzun; Cansel, Neslihan; Kilic, Bahar; Colak, Cemil; Yazici, Ipek Percinel; Kilic, FatmaIn this study, it was aimed to determine the contributions of temperament and character traits to the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. Thirty-six patients between the ages of 9 and 14 with a diagnosis of combined type ADHD and 39 healthy children were included in the study. The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version-Turkish Version and the Turgay DSM-IV Disruptive Behavior Disorders Rating Scale parent form were used to assess hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattentiveness, and comorbid disorders. The Junior Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised form was used to evaluate temperament-character traits. The classification-based association rules (CBARs) method was used for finding rules predicting ADHD accurately. Low persistence and self-directedness scores, and higher disorderliness and fatigability subgroup scores were found in the ADHD group. In CBARs, the separation of children with ADHD from healthy controls could be made with 0.83 accuracy, 0.80 sensitivity, and 0.86 specificity. The results of our study support the view that temperament-character traits can help clinical diagnosis of ADHD.Öğe Clinical characteristics according to sex and symptom severity in children with selective mutism: a four-center study(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2023) Dogru, Hicran; Ucuz, Ilknur; Uzun Cicek, Ayla; Comertoglu Arslan, SemihaIntroductionClinical information regarding selective mutism (SM), a persistent and debilitating psychiatric disorder, in children is extremely limited. We aimed to examine sociodemographic characteristics and comorbid psychiatric conditions and identify clinical variables associated with sex and SM severity among children with SM.MethodsWe analyzed the medical records of 49 children who received treatment for SM in four different tertiary hospitals in Turkey between 2016 and 2021. Children's charts were reviewed to examine clinical characteristics, comorbidities, and response to treatment.ResultsThirty-one children were female, and 18 were male (female:male ratio is 1.7:1). Most children (73.5%) with SM displayed onset of SM in 3-6 years. However, most children (57.1%) were diagnosed between the ages of 7-11. The mean time from onset to diagnosis was 1.69 +/- 1.37 years. Females displayed a later onset of SM (6.42 +/- 2.40 vs. 4.89 +/- 0.96; p= 0.013) and higher comorbidity rates (71% vs. 38.9%, p= 0.039) than males. The vast majority of children received two or more psychiatric diagnoses. Children in the severe group had a longer duration of illness, higher rates of psychiatric comorbidity, speech delay, and treatment resistance.ConclusionOur study suggests that SM may have different clinical features according to sex and symptom severity of SM. More information about children with SM is needed to understand the development and maintenance of SM.Öğe Comment on 'Psychodermatology in psychiatry: awareness and education among psychiatry trainees'(Wiley, 2022) Ucuz, Ilknur; Turkmen, Dursun; Altunisik, Nihal[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Could Fetuin-A Be a Biomarker for Autism Spectrum Disorder and Cognitive Developmental Delay?(Maik Nauka/Interperiodica/Springer, 2022) Kurt, Nezahat; Ozgeris, Fatma B.; Ucuz, Ilknur; Bayraktutan, Zafer; Kocak Yilmaz, Kubra; Demirdogen, Esen Yildirim; Cayir, AtillaEarly detection of cognitive developmental delay (CDD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is challenging, despite the numerous scientific studies conducted and different therapeutic strategies. Lack of a biomarker for autism is a limiting factor for early diagnosis, which could provide better outcome with early start of therapy. Because of the high serum fetuin-A concentration during intrauterine life, it has been suggested that fetuin-A may have a role in brain development. The current study sought to determine if fetuin-A, a multifunctional glycoprotein thought to have a role in brain development, may be used as a biomarker for the diagnosis of ASD and developmental delay. The study involved 55 children with cognitive developmental delays and 40 healthy children. Two categories of children with cognitive developmental delays were identified. The participants were subjected to a psychiatric assessment as well as developmental testing. Only 54.5% of the 55 individuals had CDD, whereas 45.5% had ASD. Using an ELISA kit, the levels of serum fetuin-A were determined spectrophotometrically. The serum fetuin-A levels in the patients from the test group were found to be significantly lower than in the healthy individuals (p < 0.001). The cutoff value for the serum fetuin-A levels for cognitive developmental delay and autism spectrum disorder was 518 mu g/liter, according to the results of ROC analysis (84.6% sensitivity and 91.4% specificity, AUC: 0.95, p < 0.001). The findings suggest that the serum fetuin-A level may be used to diagnose autism spectrum disorder and cognitive developmental delays.Öğe Could Fetuin-A Be a Biomarker for Autism Spectrum Disorder and Cognitive Developmental Delay? (vol 87, pg 559, 2022)(Maik Nauka/Interperiodica/Springer, 2022) Kurt, Nezahat; Ozgeris, Fatma B.; Ucuz, Ilknur; Bayraktutan, Zafer; Kocak Yilmaz, Kubra; Demirdogen, Esen Yildirim; Cayir, AtillaThere is an incorrect Ethics committee decision number on pages 560 and 564; the correct number is B.30.2.ATA.0.01.00/69.Öğe Cutaneous findings in children and adolescents with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder(2020) Altunisik, Nihal; Ucuz, Ilknur; Turkmen, DursunAim: Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most frequently diagnosed psychiatric disorder in children. Only one study was found in literature which examined cutaneous findings in ADHD so far. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the cutaneous findings of children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD and to compare the incidence of these findings with healthy controls. Material and Methods: Forty-six patients diagnosed with ADHD according to The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fifth edition (DSM-V) criteria and 50 healthy controls with no ADHD symptoms that had similar characteristics to the patient group in terms of sociodemographic characteristics such as age and gender were included in the study. All the patients underwent whole body dermatological examination and pathological findings in the skin, hairy skin and nails in the patient and control group were recorded. Results: The most common finding in the patient group was found as onychophagy and/or periungual skin biting with a rate of 76.1%. In addition, statistically significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of xerosis, prurigo and allergy history. Conclusions: It is important to be careful in terms of cutaneous findings that may accompany ADHD in terms of both early treatment and also for preventing possible complications. In addition, determination of these findings will guide future studies in terms of identifying the common aetiology of ADHD and some cutaneous diseases.Öğe Determining the probability of juvenile delinquency by using support vector machines and designing a clinical decision support system(Churchill Livingstone, 2020) Ucuz, Ilknur; Cicek, Ayla Uzun; Ari, Ali; Ozcan, Ozlem Ozel; Sari, Seda AybukeIt is a known fact that individuals who engaged in delinquent behavior in childhood are more probable to carry on similar behavior in adulthood. If the factors that lead children to involve in delinquency are defined, the risk of dragging children into crime can be detected before they are involved in crime and delinquency can be prevented with appropriate preventive rehabilitation programs, in the early period. However, given that delinquent behavior occurs under the influence of multiple conditions and factors rather than a single risk factor; the need for diagnostic tools to evaluate multiple factors together is obvious. Artificial intelligence-based clinical decision support systems have already been used in the field of psychiatry as well as many other fields of medicine. In this study, we assume that thanks to artificial intelligence-based clinical decision support systems, children and adolescents at risk can be detected before the criminal behavior occurs by addressing certain factors. In this way, we anticipate that it can provide psychiatrists and other experts in the field.Öğe Does Involvement in Peer Bullying Invite Self-Injury? The Association Between Peer Bullying and Self-Injury in a Clinical Sample(Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2023) Cicek, Ayla Uzun; Ucuz, Ilknur; Sari, Seda Aybuke; Arslan, Semiha Comertoglu; Dogru, HicranPrevious studies have linked peer bullying to nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). However, the evidence is largely limited to population-based groups. This study examined whether there is a relationship between NSSI and being a victim of peer bullying among adolescents in a clinical sample and how this may be influenced by types of bullying. The sample consisted of 96 outpatients with NSSI and 107 healthy adolescents. The Inventory of Statements About Self-Injury, Peer Bullying Scale, and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale were applied. Whereas the scores of each bullying type of adolescents with NSSI were significantly higher, their self-esteem scores were significantly lower. Each victimization score of bullying had a negative correlation with NSSI-onset age and self-esteem scores and a positive correlation with self-injury scores. This study demonstrated that being a victim of any type of bullying is strongly associated with self-injury. It would be advisable to screen adolescents with self-injury for exposure to bullying, and vice versa.Öğe Drug-refractory irritability and related factors in autistic children(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2024) Aykutlu, Hasan C.; Bozatli, Leyla; Gorker, Isik; Okyar, Esra; Uzun-Cicek, Ayla; Ucuz, Ilknur; Dogru, HicranObjectivesAutistic children frequently exhibit irritability, which can manifest as aggression, self-injurious behaviour, and severe tantrums, leading to significant impairments. Two atypical antipsychotics have been licensed by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of irritability in autistic children, although a significant percentage of these children do not respond to this treatment. This study aimed to determine the frequency of drug refractory irritability (DRI) and identify the risk factors in a large clinical sample of autistic children.MethodsThe medical records of 1279 children aged 2-18 years diagnosed with autism and undergoing clinical follow-up were retrospectively analysed. Socioeconomic and clinical characteristics, co-occurring psychiatric disorders and physical conditions were recorded.Results55% of the sample used antipsychotics to treat irritability, and 8.2% met the DRI criteria. Older age, severe support requirement for autism, language impairment, anxiety disorders, sleep difficulties, gastrointestinal system, and dental problems were found to significantly increase the risk of DRI.ConclusionOur findings indicate that a significant proportion of the clinical sample of autistic children had DRI. The physical, psychiatric, and environmental risk factors identified in our study also highlight heterogeneity in the etiology of DRI. Further research on DRI is needed to develop treatment and prevention strategies.Öğe Effects of mental and physical performance on attention, anger control and sleep quality(Wiley, 2019) Ucuz, Ilknur; Tetik, Burcu Kayhan; Oncu, Enver H.; Demiralp, IrsilPurpose This study aimed to determine the effective parameters on individual working performance, daily working order, and even on choosing a vocation. Design and Methods This prospective study was conducted on 288 students from Inonu University Medical School and Physical Education Vocational High School by applying the evaluation form, the Multidimensional Anger Scale, the Wender Utah Attention Rating Scale, the 25-item short form of the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Scale. Findings In the BESYO students, the ratio of attention disturbances were higher, whereas in medical school students the ratio of sleep disturbances were higher. We also found that the quality of sleep affects daily functionality significantly. Practice Implications This study demonstrates the importance of regulating intense mental processes in sleep quality and consequently functional regulation.Öğe Emotional Dysregulation and Temperament-Character Traits in Adolescents With Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder (Conversion Disorder)(Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2024) Ucuz, Ilknur; Cicek, Ayla Uzun; Celik, Merve Komurcu; Akan, Mustafa; Kesriklioglu, Esma; Gungor, Serdal; Ozcan, Ozlem OzelThe purpose of this study was to evaluate emotion dysregulation and temperament-character traits in adolescents with functional neurological symptom disorder (FNSD). Forty adolescents with FNSD and 40 healthy adolescents were evaluated by a semiconstructed diagnosis interview, Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), Regulation of Emotions Questionnaire (REQ), and Children's Somatization Inventory-24 (CSI-24). The external and internal dysfunctional emotion regulation scores of REQ, all subscales of DERS, except the awareness subscale, and CSI-24 scores were significantly higher in FNSD patients compared with healthy controls. There were significant differences between the groups in terms of harm avoidance and reward dependence subscale scores of TCI. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the external dysfunctional emotion regulation strategy, somatization, and reward dependence are significant predictors of FNSD. Our results provide evidence that adolescents with FNSD experience emotional dysregulation and that the differential value of some temperament-character traits in the diagnosis of FNSD.Öğe Estimation of the Development of Depression and PTSD in Children Exposed to Sexual Abuse and Development of Decision Support Systems by Using Artificial Intelligence(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2022) Ucuz, Ilknur; Ari, Ali; Ozcan, Ozlem Ozel; Topaktas, Ozgu; Sarraf, Merve; Dogan, OzlemThe most common diagnoses after childhood sexual abuse are Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and depression. The aim of this study is to design a decision support system to help psychiatry physicians in the treatment of childhood sexual abuse. Computer aided decision support system (CADSS) based on ANN, which predicts the development of PTSD and Major Depressive Disorder, using different parameters of the act of abuse and patients was designed. The data of 149 girls and 21 boys who were victims of sexual abuse were included in the study. In the designed CADDS, the gender of the victim, the type of sexual abuse, the age of exposure, the duration until reporting, the time of abuse, the proximity of the abuser to the victim, number of sexual abuse, whether the child is exposed to threats and violence during the abuse, the person who reported the event, and the intelligence level of the victim are used as input parameters. The average accuracy values for all three designed systems were calculated as 99.2%. It has been shown that the system designed by using these data can be used safely in the psychiatric assessment process, in order to differentiate psychiatric diagnoses in the early post-abuse period.Öğe Evaluation of cognitive disengagement syndrome in children with obsessive-compulsive disorder: Clinical implications(Sage Publications Inc, 2023) Cicek, Ayla Uzun; Ucuz, Ilknur; Isik, Cansu Mercan; Temelli, GurkanCognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS) has been found to be associated with internalizing symptoms. Yet, no study thus far has focused on whether there is an association between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and CDS. The purpose of this study is to examine the symptom frequency and clinical implications of CDS in children with OCD. The study included sixty-one children with OCD and sixty-six typically developing children. Children were evaluated by a semi-constructed diagnosis interview, Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory, Barkley Child Attention Scale, and Stroop test. The frequency of elevated symptoms of CDS, and total time, total error, and total correction scores of the Stroop test were significantly higher in the OCD group compared to the controls. Elevated CDS symptoms were significantly associated with higher OCD symptom prevalence and poorer performance on the Stroop Test. Moreover, poor insight, hoarding symptoms, mental compulsions, and ADHD comorbidity were significantly higher in those with elevated CDS symptoms than in those without CDS in the OCD group. The findings of this study provide clinical implications that CDS symptoms may contribute to deficits in attentional orientation, conceptual flexibility, and cognitive processing speed in OCD.Öğe Evaluation of temperament and character traits of patients with severe acne(Wiley, 2020) Altunisik, Nihal; Cansel, Neslihan; Turkmen, Dursun; Ucuz, Ilknur; Cumurcu, Hatice BirgulBackground Acne vulgaris (AV) is an inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit. The relationship between personality and acne development has not been fully explained, and to the best of our knowledge, there are a limited number of studies in the literature evaluating temperament and character traits of individuals with acne. Aim The aim of this study is to evaluate temperament-character traits of individuals with severe acne and to compare them with healthy controls. Patients/Methods This study was conducted on 51 patients who admitted to the dermatology outpatient clinic with complaint of acne and were diagnosed with severe AV and 47 healthy individuals, as a control group. All individuals included in the study participated voluntarily. The forms including sociodemographic data, clinical information, and Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) scores were applied to the patient and control groups. Results The scores of scales/subscales of exploration (NS1), persistence (P), responsibility (S1), purposefulness (S2), resourcefulness (S3), self-acceptance (S4), enlightened 2nd nature (S5), self-directedness (S), integrated conscience (C5), and cooperativeness (C) were statistically significantly lower, and the scores of scales/subscales of worry and pessimism (HA1), fear of uncertainty (HA2), shyness (HA3), fatiguability (HA4), and harm avoidance (HA) were statistically significantly higher in the patient group, in comparison with the control group. Conclusions When we evaluated the patients with severe acne in terms of temperament and character features, we concluded that individuals' feeling of discomfort about their appearance may cause them to be less sociable, more anxious, and to have low resourcefulness and virtues.Öğe Frequency of headache and related clinical factors in children and adolescents with tic disorders(2020) Uzun Cicek, Ayla; Ucuz, Ilknur; Bolayir, ErtugrulAim: Only a few studies have investigated the comorbid headache in children with tic disorders (TD). In this study, thus, we aimed to examine the frequency and clinical correlates of comorbid headache in TD.Material and Methods: The sample consisted of 98 children and adolescents aged 6–16 years with a diagnosis of any tic disorder and 108 healthy children and adolescents matched for age, gender and sociocultural characteristics. All participants underwent a semi-structured psychiatric interview to establish a psychiatric diagnosis. The diagnosis of headache was made according to the third edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders criteria. Also, a specially prepared personal information sheet and Yale Global Tic Severity Scale were applied.Results: Children and adolescents with TD had a significantly higher frequency of headache compared to those in the control group (44.9% vs. 22.2%, p=0.001). The most common type of headache in both groups was migraine. We determined that the rate of diagnosis of chronic tic disorders, percentage of the presence of vocal tics, severity of tics, the proportion of patients taking pharmacotherapy for tics, and the rate of psychiatric comorbidity were significantly higher in patients with a headache than those without headache.Conclusion: The results of our study confirm studies showing suggesting a possible relationship between TD and headache, and supports the proposition that headache is a comorbidity of TD. However, further studies exploring the mechanisms of this relationship are required. It also would be advisable to screen children with TD in terms of headaches.Öğe Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis activity and related factors in adolescent during a tennis tournament(2020) Ucuz, Ilknur; Gurer, Huseyin; Ucar, Cihat; Yildiz, SedatAim: Adolescence is an important period of development and during this period young people are more susceptible to mental illnesses. Therefore, a comprehensive knowledge of the factors that mediate stress response can help developing our understanding of these diseases. The aim of this study is to examine the activity of hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis and determine factors affecting this activity in adolescents. Material and Methods: The adolescents between the ages of 14 and 17, who participated in the official amateur tennis tournament, were included in the study. The data form, including questions for the assessment of the stress level and sociodemographic variables was filled. Then, salivary cortisol levels were measured before (-5 minutes) and after (+5 minutes) the first match of the official tennis tournament. Results: The mean salivary cortisol levels were 40.8±53.8 ng/ml, before the game and 98.8±150.5 ng/ml, after the game (p=0.008). The salivary cortisol levels were statistically higher, after the game, in males, those who won, and those who felt anxious compared the before. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that salivary cortisol level can be used in the assessment of stress response in adolescents and various factors such as gender, mood, and state of winning are effective on cortisol response.Öğe Post-Traumatic Stress and Associated Factors among Healthcare Workers in the Early Stage Following the 2020 Malatya-Elazig Earthquake(Duzce Univ, Fac Medicine, 2022) Cansel, Neslihan; Ucuz, IlknurObjective: An earthquake is a natural disaster that seriously affects individuals physically and psychologically. Although there has been a great deal of research on the psychological effects of earthquakes, few have focused on local health workers and its early effects. In this study, it is aimed to determine the levels and predictors of early post-earthquake trauma of the local health workers working in the affected area in the earthquake that occurred on January 24, 2020, Malatya-Elazig. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out on a sample of 201 healthcare workers after three weeks from of the earthquake. In order to determine the factors that may affect the trauma response in the participants, a questionnaire was applied to question demographic variables, previous traumatic experiences, concerns and losses at the time of the earthquake, and institutional and social expectations. Post-Earthquake Trauma Level Determining Scale was used to record post-earthquake trauma levels, and TEMPS-A was used to determine dominant temperament characteristics. Results: Severe trauma level was detected in 25.8% of the participants. Trauma scores were higher in women, those who were married, those who had children, those who experienced the earthquake for the first time and those who had anxiety about losing their own life or their relatives life during the earthquake. In the logistic regression analysis, it was determined that anxious temperament and fear of losing a loved one during an earthquake increased the severity of trauma, whereas a previous earthquake history decreased it. Conclusions: Detection of the factors associated with the trauma response is important both in terms of protecting the mental health of health workers and ensuring the continuity of health services in disasters such as earthquakes that affect millions of people.Öğe Prevalence and predictors of psychological response during immediate COVID-19 pandemic(Wiley-Hindawi, 2021) Cansel, Neslihan; Ucuz, Ilknur; Arslan, Ahmet Kadir; Kayhan Tetik, Burcu; Colak, Cemil; Melez, Sahide Nur Ipek; Sule Gumustakim, RaziyeAim COVID-19 pandemic has created a serious psychological impact worldwide since it has been declared. This study aims to investigate the level of psychological impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Turkish population and to determine related factors. Methods The study was carried out by an online questionnaire using the virtual snowball sampling method. The sociodemographic data were collected on the following subjects: participants' experience on any signs of infection within the last month, the history of COVID-19 contact-treatment-quarantine, level of compliance with precautionary measures, the sources of information and level of knowledge about the pandemic process and their belief levels on the knowledge they acquire. Besides, the questions that take place in the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21), and Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R) were asked to participants. Results Of the 3549 participants, anxiety was found in 15.8%, depression in 22.6%, stress in 12.9%, and psychological trauma in 20.29% based on moderate and above levels. Female gender, young age, higher education level, being single, high monthly income, presence of psychiatric illness, a large number of people living together, having any signs of infection, and contact history with COVID-19 infected person or contaminated object are identified as risk factors that may increase psychological impact. Compliance with the rules was found to reduce the risk of psychological response. Conclusions The risk factors for the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, and acknowledging these factors can help to formulate the interventions to reduce the stress levels of the population.
