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Öğe Changes in the Phenolic, Melatonin, Sugar Contents and Antioxidant Capacity, Depending on Ripening Stage in Different Cornelian Cherry (Cornus mas L.) Fruits(Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2024) Ugur, YilmazCornelian cherry (CC) is a source of bioactive compounds such as phenolics, melatonin and, vitamin C and used as traditional food and in folk medicine. In this study, we analyzed and compared the variation of some bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity in CC fruits depending on ripening and genotype. CC fruit was sampled at different ripening times (unripe, semi-ripe and ripe) and the contents of sugars, vitamin C, melatonin and phenolic compounds were analysed by ultra-fast liquid chromatography (UFLC-PDA). The results showed that the fruits at the unripe samples had a significantly higher chemical components and antioxidant capacity. Chlorogenic acid, catechin, gallic acid and rutin were the four major phenolic compounds identified in all genotypes. Melatonin concentration of unripe fruits was found to be high in all genotypes (ranged from 1664.78-114.60 ng/mL) and a decrease was detected in ripe fruits. Significant increases in vitamin C and individual sugar contents (glucose and fructose) occurred with advancing maturity. The highest vitamin C concentration was determined as 77.38 mg/100 g during the full ripening period. Antioxidant capacity results determined by both methods showed a decreasing tendency with the ripening of the fruits. Concerning antioxidant activity, DPPH and ABTS scavenging activity were maximal at unripe in all CC genotpes. During the development and maturity periods of fruits, important physiological and biochemical changes occured that affect antioxidant capacity, nutritional and chemical composition.Öğe Determination of fatty acids in Allium tuncelianum (Tunceli garlic) by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID)(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2021) Ugur, Yilmaz; Karaaslan-Ayhan, Nagihan; Icen, M. Sina; Bicim, Tulin; Erdogan, Selim; Yaman, MehmetGarlic has an important place in daily nutrition. It is consumed by people because of its antimicrobial, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties, and it is also known to be good for many diseases. Along with these properties of garlic, its fatty acid content is also important. The goal of this study is to determine the fatty acids in Allium tuncelianum (Tunceli garlic), which grows naturally in Tunceli, Turkey, by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID). Fifteen of 37 fatty acids studied were detected in Allium tuncelianum, and the primary fatty acids in the sample extracts were determined to be the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) linoleic acid (C18:2n6c, 41.595%) and the monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) oleic acid (C18:1n9c, 33.302%). Small quantities of saturated fatty acids (SAFAs) were also present, including palmitic acid (C16:0, 11.739%), henoicosanoic acid (C21:0, 6.946%), and stearic acid (C18:0, 2.362%).Öğe Determination of Phytochemical Composition in Fruits and Leaves from Different Origins: Black Mulberry, Chokeberry and Elderberry Genotypes(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2024) Zengin, Rukiye; Maras, Zeynep; Ugur, Yilmaz; Oezhan, Onural; Karaat, Firat Ege; Erdogan, SelimBlack mulberry, chokeberry and elderberry have medicinal properties associated with the presence of phytochemicals which are compounds with potential antioxidant properties. The previously published reports have shown that these compounds significantly affect the course of disease processes by counteracting oxidative stress. In this study, the primary anthocyanins were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Individual phenolic compounds, tocopherols and amygdalin were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD). Elemental contents were determined by inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The obtained results reveal the significant presence of primary and secondary compounds in the assessed fruits and leaves, with notable variations depending on fruit species and genotypes. The most abundant compounds were phenolic acids and flavonoids. Analyses indicated that chlorogenic acid, rutin, and cyanidin derivatives were predominant phenolic compounds in all fruit species, while phenolic acids and flavonoids were prominent in leaf samples. The highest chlorogenic acid was determined in black mulberry leaves (ranging from 2403.23 to 3542.53 mg/100 g). Generally, the concentration of phenolic compounds were higher in the leaves than in the fruits of the plant. The highest concentration of amygdalin was detected in black mulberry fruits, ranging from 102.12 to 272.46 mg/100 g. Calcium and potassium were the dominant elements in both berries and leaves.Öğe DO GRAPEVINE ROOTSTOCKS AFFECT THE PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GRAPES?(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2022) Cakir, Atilla; Odabasioglu, Mehmet Ilhan; Oylek, Hatice Sahiner; Ugur, YilmazIn the last century, the worldwide proliferation of the use of rootstock in viticulture has been successful in preventing the damage that the phylloxera pest causes to cultivars of Vitis vinifera L., but there have been some adverse effects on the quality of grapevines. It is still not clearly known how the phytochemical composition of grapevines grown using rootstock differs from that of vines grown on their own roots. Four different commonly used American grapevine rootstocks (41 B, 99 R, 110 R, and 1103 P) and the original roots of the Banazi Karasi grape cultivar were used in this study conducted to determine the effects of rootstocks on the phytochemical composition of fresh grapes in grafted grapevine cultivars. In addition, the effects of vinestock age on the phytochemical composition of fresh grapes were examined. Fresh grape samples taken from young (5 years old) and old (40 years old) vinestocks grown on their own roots were examined to identify the effects of vinestock age. The findings revealed that the rootstocks generally affected (positively or negatively) the composition of phenolic compounds of fresh grapes, but this effect was not observed for gallic acid. Rutin and quercetin significantly decreased with rootstock usage in contrast to the vinestocks grown on their own roots. It was determined that rootstocks significantly decreased the resveratrol contents of fresh grapes, although their effects on antioxidant capacity differed. However, total phenolic compounds and glucose, fructose, and tartaric acid compositions of fresh grapes did not change based on rootstock usage. It was determined that the older the vinestocks are, the more naringin and phloridzin are present in the compositions of fresh grapes, but other compounds tend to decrease significantly.Öğe The effect of hydrogen peroxide used in desulfurization of dried apricot on the antioxidant capacity and phenolic compound content of the fruit(Springer, 2021) Ugur, Yilmaz; Erdogan, SelimThe effect of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on the removal of sulfur dioxide (SO2) from sulfurized dried apricots was studied. Apricot fruits were sulfurized in a way that contains low, medium, and high doses of sulfur. Dried apricots were immersed in 0.5%, 1%, and 2% H2O2 solutions at 20 degrees C, 30 degrees C, and 40 degrees C for 5 min. After removal of SO2 by H2O2, the analyses of moisture, SO2 content, total phenolic content (TPC), individual phenolics, and antioxidant capacity were carried out in dried apricots. As part of the validation study for phenolic compounds, the limit of detection (LOD), the limit of quantification (LOQ), and recovery rate were also determined. H2O2 treatment was effective in desulfurizing, by decreasing up 61% rate the SO2 content in dried apricots. However, H2O2 treatment caused a considerable decrease in the fruit's TPC and antioxidant capacity. Gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, rutin, and myricetin were found to be predominant phenolic compounds in thae dried apricot samples. The amounts of these phenolic compounds (especially in the low dose sulfur-containing samples) with the increase of temperature and H2O2 concentration decreased statistically significant levels (p < 0.05). Therefore, the development and use of methods to preserve the nutritional content of the fruit are important.Öğe Effect of layer thickness on residual monomer release in polymerization of bulk-fill composites(Sage Publications Ltd, 2021) Kilic, Vahti; Hurmuzlu, Feridun; Ugur, Yilmaz; Cangul, SuzanThe aim of the present study was to investigate and compare the quantity of residual monomers leached from the bulk-fill composites with different compositions polymerized at varying layer thickness. Three bulk-fill (X-tra-fil, Beautifil Bulk Restorative, Fill-Up) and a nanohybrid composite (Filtek Z550) were used for the study. The composite resin samples were prepared with a stainless steel mold. For each composite, two groups were constructed. The samples in the first group were prepared using the 2 + 2 mm layering technique. In the second group, the composite samples were applied as a 4 mm-thick one layer and polymerized. Then, each composite samples were kept in a 75% ethanol solution and residual monomers released from composite resins were analyzed with an HPLC device after 24hour and I month. The data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. Except the Fill-Up, all of residual monomer elution from the bulk-fill composites was significantly affected by the layer thickness (p < 0.05). The greatest monomer release was detected at I month after polymerization as a single 4 mm layer for Beautifil Bulk Restorative. Fill-Up composite showed similar residual monomer release in polymerization at different layer thicknesses compared to other composite resins. In the 2 + 2 mm layering technique, the least monomer elution was detected in the Filtek Z550 composite group. While BisGMA was the most released monomer in X-tra fil composite, UDMA was the most released monomer in all other composite resins. During polymerization of the bulk-fill composite, the layer thickness of the composite applied may affect the amount of residual monomers released from the composite resins. Conventional composites may release less monomer than bulk-fill composites when used with layering.Öğe Effects of the apricot diets containing sulfur dioxide at different concentrations on rat testicles(Springer Heidelberg, 2023) Yildiz, Azibe; Ozhan, Onural; Ulu, Ahmet; Dogan, Tugba; Bakar, Busra; Ugur, Yilmaz; Taslidere, ElifDue to its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, sulfur dioxide (SO2) is widely used in foods and beverages to prevent the growth of microorganisms and to preserve the color and flavor of fruits. However, the amount of SO2 used in fruit preservation should be limited due to its possible adverse effects on human health. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of different SO2 concentrations in apricot diets on rat testes. Animals were randomly divided into six groups. The control group was fed a standard diet, and the other groups were fed apricot diet pellets prepared with (w/w) 10% dried apricots containing SO2 at different concentrations (1500 ppm, 2000 ppm, 2500 ppm, 3000 ppm, and 3500 ppm/kg) for 24 weeks. After sacrification, testicles were evaluated biochemically, histopathologically, and immunohistopathologically. Our results showed that an apricot diet containing 1500 ppm and 2000 ppm SO2 did not cause significant changes in testis. However, it was determined that tissue testosterone levels decreased as the amount of SO2 (2500 ppm and above) increased. Apricot diet containing 3500 ppm SO2 caused a significant increase in spermatogenic cell apoptosis, oxidative damage, and histopathological changes. In addition, a decrease in the expression of connexin-43, vimentin, and 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 beta-HSD) was observed in the same group. In summary, the results show that sulfurization of apricot at high concentrations such as 3500 ppm may lead to male fertility problems in the long term through mechanisms such as oxidative stress, spermatogenic cell apoptosis, and inhibition of steroidogenesis.Öğe Evaluation of Residual Monomer Release After Polymerization of Colored Compomer Materials(Assoc Apoio Pesquisa & Saude Bucal-Apesb, 2021) Duruk, Gulsum; Oruc, Emine; Ugur, YilmazObjective: To evaluate the amount of residual monomers released after polymerization by the compomers in different colors and viscosities over time. Material and Methods: The compomer samples of different colors and viscosities (flowable compomers; blue-pink and packable compomers; A2-blue-pink-gold) were prepared in molds with an inner diameter of 5 mm and a height of 2 mm. In polymerization of samples, a LED unit was used. The amount of monomers released from the samples kept in 75% ethanol/water solution was measured by a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) instrument in the 10th minute, in the 1st hour, and in the 1st, 7th, and 14th days. For statistical analyses, the paired sample t-test, independent sample t-test, and one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test were used. Results: The amount of residual monomers released from all materials increased over time. At the end of the 14th day, the most released monomer from all compomer samples was BisGMA. The total amounts of released monomers from the packable compomers were Gold>A2>blue>pink. The amount of residual monomers released from flowable compomers was higher in blue than in pink. Conclusion: The color and the viscosity are the factors affecting the residual monomer release in compomers.Öğe Evaluation of residual monomer release after polymerization of different restorative materials used in pediatric dentistry(Bmc, 2022) Duruk, Gulsum; Akkuc, Sibel; Ugur, YilmazBackground The choice of the restorative resin material to be used in pediatric dentistry is of a great importance due to the cytotoxic effects caused by residual monomers. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the amount of residual monomer released over time from different resin-based restorative materials, which are widely used in pediatric dentistry, by using high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA). Methods The compomers in all colors (Twinky Star and Glasiositte A(2)), two composites with different hybrid properties (Arabesk-GrandioSO), and RMGIC (Ionolux) samples with 2 x 5 mm diameters were prepared. The samples were polymerized with an LED light unit (CELALUX 2, VOCO, Cuxhaven, Germany) and then finishing-polishing procedures were applied. A total of 156 samples were obtained, 13 samples in each of the 12 groups. The amount of residual monomer (BIS-GMA; HEMA, TEGDMA, UDMA) (mu g/mL) released into the 75% ethanol solution was determined at different times, (1st hour, 1st, 7th, 14th, and 21st day) by using HPLC-PDA. Results The residual monomer release continued on day 21 and BIS-GMA was the most released monomer in all groups. HEMA release showed a maximum increase in all the materials at day 7. The highest amount of residual monomer was detected in the gold-colored compomer. HEMA and BIS-GMA release from RMGIC was less than others in all time frames. Conclusions The color and composition of resin-based restorative materials affect the amount of residual monomer. Pediatric dentists should prefer gold-colored compomers less than others as a restorative material, especially in deep cavities. More studies are needed about the subject.Öğe Extraction and quantification of melatonin in cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) by ultra-fast liquid chromatography coupled to fluorescence detector (UFLC-FD)(Akademiai Kiado Zrt, 2023) Ugur, YilmazWild edible plants (WEPs) can be widely found in the world and defined as native species that grow naturally in their natural habitat. They have become part of the traditional food as human diet and used in folk medicine to treat diseases. They are very rich in terms of nutraceuticals. Melatonin is a natural hormone providing several benefits for human health. It has functions such as regulating growth and development and increasing tolerance to environmental stress factors in plants. It is stated that the serum melatonin level in humans increases after intake of foods containing melatonin. This study examined the presence of melatonin in wild grown cornelian cherry fruits by UFLC-FD and determined suitable extraction and chromatographic conditions. The optimum mobile phase, excitation/emission wavelength, and extraction solvent were determined as methanol: water: acetic acid, 275/345 nm, and methanol: water: HCl, respectively. Melatonin content in fruits ranged from 130.82 to 201.84 ng g-1 in fresh fruit.Öğe Fruit quality and biochemical characteristics of new early ripening apricots of Turkey(Springer, 2021) Cuhaci, Cigdem; Karaat, Firat Ege; Ugur, Yilmaz; Erdogan, Selim; Asma, Bayram MuratIn this study, the important fruit quality characteristics of 11 early ripening and promising apricot hybrids and reference cultivars recently developed in Turkey were analyzed. A large variation was observed between the genotypes in terms of fruit size (fruit weight ranged from 34.28 to 72.53 g). The total soluble solids which is one of the significant fruit quality parameters for the table apricots, was found between 10.07 and 18.27% and fruit flesh/kernel rate was between 9.6 and 18.42. Epicatechin, rutin, catechin, chlorogenic acid, epigallocatechin gallate and beta-carotene were found to be the highest bioactive compounds. A large variation was also determined among the genotypes in this regard. ABP-4-23 and ABP-7-12 apricot genotypes were rich with respect to catechin, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, rutin and beta-carotene. The highest catachin and epicatechin contents were obtained in ABP-4-23 (176.76 and 517.45 mg/kg, respectively). In terms of beta-carotene ABP-2-24 and ABP-1-18 presented the highest values (127.45 and 119.54 mg/kg, respectively). Fruit weight was found highly and positively correlated with kernel weight and total soluble solids (r = 0.65 andr = 0.61, respectively). Fruit weight was also found to be moderately correlated with rutin, quercetin, and beta-carotene, while corrrelations was negative for rutin and beta-carotene. Total acidity was moderately correlated with catechin, epigallocatechin gallate and beta-carotene in positive way.Öğe KIRMIZIBİBER VE SUMAK BAHARATLARINDA AFLATOKSİN TAYİNİ VE LABORATUVAR İÇİ METOT VALİDASYONU(2022) Ugur, YilmazMevcut çalışmada kırmızıbiber ve sumak örneklerinde aflatoksin varlığı incelenmiş ve uygulanan metodun laboratuvar içi validasyonu gerçekleştirilmiştir. Baharat örnekleri Malatya ilinde baharat ticareti yapan firmalardan temin edilmiştir. Association of Official Analytical Chemists’nin (AOAC) 999.07 nolu metodu ile floresans dedektörlü ultra hızlı sıvı kromatografisi (UFLC-FD) sisteminde analizler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kırmızıbiber örneklerinde Aflatoksin B1 0.20 – 79.37 µg/kg ve toplam aflatoksin 0.22 – 93.05 µg/kg aralıklarında ölçülmüştür. Sumak örneklerinin üç tanesinde aflatoksin tespit edilmezken bir örnekte Aflatoksin B1 8.03 µg/kg ve toplam aflatoksin 8.68 µg/kg olarak ölçülmüştür. İncelenen baharat örneklerinin 15 tanesinin Türk Gıda Kodeksi Bulaşanlar Tebliğine göre yasal limitleri aşan düzeyde aflatoksin içerdiği tespit edilmiştir. Analitik çalışmalar sonucunda aflatoksin standardının UFLC-FD sisteminde lineer ölçüm aralığı 1.25- 2.5 µg/kg, aflatoksin B1, B2, G1 ve G2 için LOD değerleri sırasıyla 0.036, 0.030, 0.021 ve 0.024 µg/kg, LOQ değerleri ise 0.120, 0.100, 0.070, ve 0.080 µg/kg olarak belirlenmiştir.Öğe Pharmacokinetic Profiles of Metamizole Metabolites after Intramuscular and Intravenous Administration in Healthy Arabian Horses(Wiley, 2021) Yilmaz, Ismet; Maras, Zeynep; Ozgur, Mustafa Erkan; Durmaz, Murat; Ulusoy, Halil Ibrahim; Erdogan, Selim; Ugur, YilmazMetamizole sodium (MT) is an analgesic and antipyretic drug molecule used in humans, horses, cattle, swine, and dogs. Metamizole rapidly hydrolyzes and turns into methylamino antipyrine (MAA), an active primary metabolite of MT. The present study aims to determine the pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles of MT metabolites after intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) administration into sex of Arabian horses (Equus ferus caballus) using a cross-over study design. The plasma samples were extracted by solid-phase extraction (SPE) method, and plasma concentrations of MT metabolites were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). After administrations of MT, plasma concentrations of methylamino antipyrine (MAA), amino antipyrone (AA), and acetylamino antipyrone (AAA) were determined within range of 15 min-12 h. Plasma concentrations of AA and AAA were lower than the plasma concentrations of major metabolite MAA at each sampling point. The PK parameters were statistically evaluated for MT's metabolites between male and female horses and also between IM and IV administrations of PK parameters such as C-max, t(max), t(1/2 lambda z), AUC(0-t), AUC(0-infinity), lambda z, Cl and V-ss (p < .05). The AUC(IM)/AUC(IV) ratio in female and male horses for MAA was 1.19 and 1.13, respectively. The AUC(IM)/AUC(IV) ratio for AA was lower than those found for MAA. AUC(IM)/AUC(IV) ratio was statistically significantly different between male and female horses for AA (p < .05). According to these results, some PK parameters such as Cmax, AUC, and MRT, MAA and AA concentrations have shown statistically significant differences by MT administrations.Öğe UFLC-FD Metodu ile Kayısı Çekirdeğinde Aflatoksin Tayini ve Laboratuvar İçi Metot Validasyonu(2022) Ugur, Yilmaz; Yaman, RukiyeMevcut çalışmada kayısı çekirdeği ve yer fıstığı örneklerinde aflatoksin varlığı incelenmiş ve uygulanan metodun laboratuvar içi validasyonu iki analist tarafından gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kayısı çekirdeği örnekleri Malatya ilinde kayısı ticareti yapılan Şire Pazarı’ndan, yer fıstığı örnekleri ise yine aynı ildeki bazı kuruyemişçilerden temin edilmiştir. Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC)’nin 991.31 nolu metodu ile floresans dedektörlü ultra hızlı sıvı kromatografisi (UFLC-FD) sisteminde analizler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kayısı çekirdeği örneklerinden bir tanesinde aflatoksin B1 1.250±0.081 ?g kg-1 ve toplam aflatoksin 1.401±0.097 ?g kg-1 olarak ölçülürken diğer kayısı çekirdeği ve yer fıstığı örneklerinde aflatoksin tespit edilememiştir. Analitik çalışmalar sonucunda aflatoksin standardının UFLC-FD sisteminde lineer ölçüm aralığı 0.08 – 2.5 ?g kg-1, aflatoksin B1 ve toplam aflatoksin için LOD değerleri sırasıyla 0.036 ve 00.120 ?g kg-1, LOQ değerleri ise 0.084 ve 0.280 ?g kg-1 olarak belirlenmiştir.
