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    The effects of additional cognitive and motor tasks on static and dynamic balance in school-age children
    (2021) Parabakan Polat, Ani; Ugur Cengiz, Deniz; Cimen, Hatice; Tezcan, Elif Ilkay; Tombuloglu, Ceren
    Aim: To evaluate the effects of dual-tasks on balance in school-age children aged 7-10 years. Materials and Methods: In the present study, 28 primary school children aged 7-10 years were included. Static and dynamic balances were evaluated separately without any additional task and also in the presence of additional cognitive and motor tasks. The Sharpened Romberg Test and the One-Leg Stance Test were used to evaluate the static balance. The Five-Repetition Sit-To-Stand Test was used to evaluate dynamic balance. As a cognitive additional task, the children were asked to say "Yes" when they saw the red card and "No" when they saw the blue card. The motor additional task was designated as catching a ball. Results: In the static balance tests, the scores performed in the presence of an additional cognitive task were higher than those obtained without any additional task. However, this difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Test scores obtained with an additional motor task were significantly lower than those obtained without any additional task (p<0.001). In the Five-Repetition Sit-to Stand Test, the scores obtained in the presence of additional cognitive (p = 0.003) and motor (p = 0.002) tasks were significantly higher than those obtained without any additional task. Conclusion: In our study, an additional motor task performed simultaneously with static balance tests negatively affected balance performance in children aged 7-10 years. Postural control also reduced by additional motor or cognitive tasks during the dynamic balance tests. The results obtained in this study will contribute to understanding the relationship between cognition and balance system in children.
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    Evaluation of utricular and saccular function in BPPV patients: The role of VEMP in diagnosis
    (2020) Ugur Cengiz, Deniz; Emekci, Tugba; Demirel, Sumeyye; Can Colak, Sanem; Tan, Mehmet
    Aim: The pathological cause of Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) is the degeneration of the otolith organs (utricle and sacculus). Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials (VEMP) assess the functions of the otolith organs. The objective of this research was to evaluate the otolith organ functions of patients with unilateral idiopathic BPPV (canalolithiasis of the posterior and lateral semicircular canals) by cVEMP and oVEMP tests. Material and Methods: The study prospectively included 35 patients with BPPV (canalolithiasis of the posterior and lateral semicircular canals) and 30 healthy individuals. Bilateral cVEMP and oVEMP tests were administered to all participants. Participants were divided into three groups: control, BPPV-affected ear, and unaffected ear.Results: In our study, cVEMP and oVEMP abnormalities were statistically significantly different both between the affected and unaffected ear groups and between the affected ear and control groups. There were statistically significant differences in the cVEMP and oVEMP amplitude values both between the affected and unaffected ear groups and between the affected ear and control groups. Also, the asymmetry ratios of the cVEMP and oVEMP tests were statistically significantly different between the case group and the control group. The cVEMP and oVEMP wave latencies (p1, n1, p1-n1) were not statistically significantly different among the BPPV-affected ear, unaffected ear, and control groups. The results of measurements were not statistically significantly different between the posterior and lateral canal involvement subgroups of BPPV patients.Conclusion: Abnormal cVEMP and oVEMP test results, which are observed more frequently in patients with BPPV compared to the control group, indicate utricular and saccular degeneration. Higher oVEMP abnormality ratios compared to those of cVEMP in BPPV patients suggest that utricular dysfunction may be more common than saccular dysfunction.