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    Fatty acid, triacyl glycerol, phytosterol, and tocopherol variations in kernel oil of Malatya apricots from Turkey
    (Amer Chemical Soc, 2007) Turan, Semra; Topcu, Ali; Karabulut, Ihsan; Vural, Halil; Hayaloglu, Ali Adnan
    The fatty acid, sn-2 fatty acid, triacyglycerol (TAG), tocopherol, and phytosterol compositions of kernel oils obtained from nine apricot varieties grown in the Malatya region of Turkey were determined (P < 0.05). The names of the apricot varieties were Alyanak (ALY), Cataloglu (CAT), Cologlu (COL), Hacihaliloglu (HAC), Hacikiz (HKI), Hasanbey (HSB), Kabaasi (KAB), Soganci (SOG), and Tokaloglu (TOK). The total oil contents of apricot kernels ranged from 40.23 to 53.19%. Oleic acid contributed 70.83% to the total fatty acids, followed by linoleic (21.96%), palmitic (4.92%), and stearic (1.21%) acids. The sn-2 position is mainly occupied with oleic acid (63.54%), linoleic acid (35.0%), and palmitic acid (0.96%). Eight TAG species were identified: LLL, OLL, PLL, OOL + POL, OOO + POO, and SOO (where P, palmitoyl; S, stearoyl; 0, oleoyl; and L, linoleoyl), among which mainly 000 + POO contributed to 48.64% of the total, followed by OOL + POL at 32.63% and OLL at 14.33%. Four tocopherol and six phytosterol isomers were identified and quantified; among these, gamma-tocopherol (475.11 mg/kg of oil) and beta-sitosterol (273.67 mg/100 g of oil) were predominant. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to the data from lipid components of apricot kernel oil in order to explore the distribution of the apricot variety according to their kernel's lipid components. PCA separated some varieties including ALY, COL, KAB, CAT, SOG, and HSB in one group and varieties TOK, HAC, and HKI in another group based on their lipid components of apricot kernel oil. So, in the present study, PCA was found to be a powerful tool for classification of the samples.
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    Human milk fat substitute produced by enzymatic interesterification of vegetable oil blend
    (Faculty Food Technology Biotechnology, 2007) Karabulut, Ihsan; Turan, Semra; Vural, Halil; Kayahan, Mummer
    Palm oil, palm kernel oil, olive oil, sunflower oil, and marine oil blend, formulated in the mass ratio of 4.0:3.5:1.0:1.5:0.2, was subjected to interesterification catalyzed by lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosa (Lipozyme(R) TL IM) for obtaining a product that contains similar triacylglycerol (TAG) structure to that of human milk fat (HMF). Reactions were carried out in a double jacketed glass vessel equipped with magnetic stirrer at 60 degrees C for 21 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 h. The blend was analyzed for fatty acid composition of both total fatty acids and those at the sn-2 position after pancreatic lipase hydrolysis. After interesterification, TAGs were purified by thin layer chromatography and TAG species were determined according to the carbon number (CN) by high-temperature gas chromatography. Enzymatic interesterification generated significant differences for all TAG species from CN30 to CN54. Concentrations of some TAG species (CN30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 50, 52 and 54) decreased, while some (CN40 to 48) increased after 24 h. TAG species with higher CN reached maximum levels at the end of 6 h of reaction time. The predominant TAGs of the reaction product after 24 h were CN46, 48, 50, 52 and 54 with ratios of 13.8, 18.2, 13.9, 17.8, and 12.1%, respectively. These TAG species contain mainly 1,3-diunsaturated-2-saturated structure, like HMF.
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    Utilization of brewer's spent grain in the production of Frankfurters
    (Wiley, 2009) Ozvural, Emin Burcin; Vural, Halil; Gokbulut, Incilay; Ozboy-Ozbas, Ozen
    The effects of dried and ground brewer's spent grain (BSG) on dietary fibre content and some quality characteristics of beef Frankfurters were investigated. BSG preparations of fine (< 212 mu m), medium (212-425 mu m) and coarse (425-850 mu m) particle sizes were used in the production of Frankfurters. The total dietary fibre (TDF) content of the Frankfurters supplemented with BSG of different particle sizes increased significantly (P < 0.05) as the level of addition was increased. The mean TBA (2-thiobarbituric acid), colour and texture values except springiness had significant differences (P < 0.05) among the treatments. The overall acceptability scores for the control and the Frankfurters with BSG were 7.57 and 5.47-7.02 on a nine-point scale, respectively. Cluster analysis was also carried out to divide the measured parameters into clusters according to their similarities and to find out the correlations among them. It can be concluded that BSG can be added to Frankfurters to increase their fibre content without deleteriously affecting their sensory parameters.