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Öğe Cobalt-substituted P2-Na0.67MnO2 and purple basil-derived hard carbon for high-performance sodium-ion battery full cells: insight to ex situ structural analysis(Springer Heidelberg, 2025) Whba, Rawdah; Dogan, Ebru; Altin, Emine; Benzaid, Abdelali; Arshad, Muhammad; Altin, SerdarThis study explores two energy storage materials: cobalt-doped P2-type Na0.67MnO2 (Na0.67Mn0.9Co0.1O2, NMCO) and hard carbon derived from purple basil (Ocimum basilicum L., HC-based PB) biomass. NMCO was synthesized via a solid-state method involving high-temperature quenching in liquid nitrogen (LN2). Analytical techniques confirmed a pure P2-type layered structure with reduced lattice volume due to Co3+ substitution. FTIR identified Na-O, Mn-O, and Co-O bonds, while XPS revealed reduced Mn3+ content, enhancing structural stability by mitigating the Jahn-Teller effect. Electrochemical tests of NMCO showed charge/discharge capacities of 184 mAhg(-1) and 185 mAhg(-1) with a coulombic efficiency of 99.5%. HC-based PB, exhibiting disordered graphitic structures, demonstrated higher charge and discharge capacities of 231 and 349 mAhg(-)(1), respectively, despite a relatively low efficiency of 66%. Long-term cycling demonstrated capacity fading for both materials after 100 cycles. Ex situ XRD confirmed NMCO's structural integrity, while HC's amorphous structure contributed to its stability. These findings provide valuable insights into these materials' electrochemical performance and durability for energy storage applications.Öğe Copper-Induced Phase Transitions in NaMn1-xCuxO2: Structural Insights from Operando XAS, DFT Calculations, and Electrochemical Evaluation Using Laurus Nobilis-Derived Hard Carbon(Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2026) Whba, Rawdah; Dogan, Ebru; Harfouche, Messaoud; Ozturk, Zeynep Reyhan; Farhan, Ahlam; Ipek, Semran; Corut, SumeyyeThis study investigates the effect of Cu2+ doping on NaMn1- xCuxO2 layered cathodes. It also explores their integration with Laurus nobilis-derived hard carbon (HC) anodes for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Cu doping, particularly at x = 0.20, stabilizes the beta-NaMnO2 phase, suppresses Jahn-Teller distortions, and improves the structural stability of the MnO2 framework. In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirm that Cu improved Na+ diffusion kinetics and reduces charge-transfer resistance, despite its electrochemical inactivity. X-ray Difraction (XRD), Raman, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses reveal phase destabilization and segregation at higher Cu concentrations, while XPS indicates shifts in the Mn/Cu oxidation states, consistent with improved electronic conductivity and multivalent redox behavior. The scanning electron microscope (SEM and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images demonstrate Cu-induced morphological transitions toward denser, more crystalline structures. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) measurements reveal that the L. nobilis-derived hard carbon (HC) anode possesses a high surface area and hierarchical porosity, which facilitated efficient Na + storage and rapid ion transport. Full-cell tests demonstrate high reversible capacity (approximate to 126 mAh g-1), excellent rate capability, and 56% capacity retention over 250 cycles. This work demonstrates that Cu doping and porous HC anodes synergistically enhance the structural and electrochemical performance of SIBs, thereby providing a sustainable strategy for advanced energy storage.Öğe Cost-effective sodium-ion batteries using a Na0.67Mn0.9Ni0.1O2 cathode and lavender-flower-waste-derived hard carbon with a comparative presodiation approach(Elsevier, 2026) Dogan, Ebru; Moeez, Iqra; Whba, Rawdah; Ozcan, Sibel; Akkoc, Mitat; Altin, Emine; Harfouche, MessaoudThe development of cost-effective, high-performance sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) is essential for large-scale energy storage systems. In this study, low-cost SIBs are fabricated using P2-type Na0.67Mn0.9Ni0.1O2 as the cathode and hard carbon (HC) derived from lavender flower waste as the anode. The synthesis of both electrode materials from widely accessible precursors ensures scalability and environmental sustainability. To address the sodium deficiency of HC, three different presodiation strategies-electrochemical, chemical, and direct contact-are systematically investigated, and the electrochemical performances of the full cells are compared. This evaluation reveals significant variations in the initial capacity, capacity retention, Coulombic efficiency, and rate performance. Although the direct-contact method delivers the highest initial capacity, electrochemical presodiation delivers superior long-term cycling stability and enhanced energy density. This comprehensive comparison of the electrochemical performance emphasizes the vital role of presodiation in enhancing the full-cell efficiency, while highlighting the potential methods for developing cost-effective and sustainable SIBs.Öğe Epoxy/block copolymer and nanocomposites: Advancements and applications in aerospace(Elsevier, 2025) Whba, Rawdah; Whba, Fathyah; Sahinbay, Sevda; Altin, SerdarThe development of materials for aerospace applications has increasingly focused on epoxy resins, block copolymers (BCPs), and nanocomposites due to their excellent mechanical, thermal, and environmental properties. Epoxy resins are valued for their strength, stiffness, and chemical resistance, but their brittleness and cracking tendencies pose challenges. BCPs address these issues by improving toughness and flexibility. Nanocomposites, incorporating nanoparticles such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, and nanoclays, further enhance the thermomechanical properties and environmental resistance of epoxy/BCP systems. These advanced materials are ideal for aerospace components exposed to harsh conditions, offering improved durability, reduced weight, and enhanced performance. This chapter examines recent progress in integrating epoxy resins and BCPs, focusing on the role of nanocomposites in overcoming material limitations for aerospace applications. It also discusses the challenges of achieving uniform nanoparticle dispersion, ensuring long-term durability under extreme conditions, and overcoming manufacturing complexities. Despite these challenges, these materials have the potential to revolutionize the aerospace industry, improving performance, reducing weight, and increasing durability, thus driving future innovations in aircraft design and performance. © 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved..Öğe Evaluation of the Effect of Precursor NMC622@TiO2 Core-Shell Powders Using a Prelithiated Anode from Figure Seeds: Spotlight on Li-ion Full-Cell Performance(Amer Chemical Soc, 2024) Whba, Rawdah; Dogan, Ebru; Moeez, Iqra; Bhatti, Ali Hussain Umar; Akbar, Muhammad; Chung, Kyung Yoon; Altin, EmineIn this study, innovative electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) were developed and characterized, demonstrating significant performance enhancements. Initially, NMC622@TiO2 was synthesized using a wet-chemical method with titanium(IV) ethoxide as the Ti source. Advanced structural investigations confirmed the successful formation of a core@shell structure with negligible cation mixing (Li+/Ni2+) at the NMC622 surface, contributing to enhanced electrochemical performance. Subsequently, carbon-based anode materials were produced from biomass, specifically figure seeds, and subjected to high-temperature heat treatment. The resulting powders exhibited dominant graphitic properties, evidenced by a Raman I D/I G ratio of 0.5. Electrochemical evaluations of both electrode materials were conducted using half-cell configurations. The optimization of the TiO2 coating process was assessed through half-cell performance metrics and diffusion rates calculated from galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) experiments. The final phase focused on full-cell design, employing a prelithiation strategy for anodes using a direct contact technique. Optimization of the prelithiation process led to the assembly of full cells combining NMC622/prelithiated figure-seed anodes and NMC622@TiO2/prelithiated figure-seed anodes. The results revealed that TiO2-coated NMC622, paired with prelithiated carbon anodes derived from figure seeds, delivered superior performance compared to uncoated NMC622 full cells. This study underscores the potential of biomass-derived carbon anodes and TiO2 coatings in enhancing the efficiency and performance of LIBs.Öğe Influence of iron doping on α-NaMnO2 lattice symmetry: Insight from operando X-ray absorption, ex-situ structural analysis, and electrochemical performance using chestnut shell-derived hard carbon(Elsevier, 2026) Dogan, Ebru; Maiga, Abdulhadi; Whba, Rawdah; Harfouche, Messaoud; Ozturk, Zeynep Reyhan; Farhan, Ahlam; Altin, EmineThe structural instability and moderate electrochemical performance of NaMnO2 cathodes limit the use of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). This limitation is primarily due to lattice distortions and valence variations that occur during the cycling process. To address this limitation, NaMn(1-x)FexO(2) (0.00 <= x <= 0.50) powders were synthesized using a conventional solid-state method. Their structural and electrochemical properties were systematically investigated through a combination of structural characterization, in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and computational modeling. X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement reveal a contraction of the beta-angle from 112 degrees to 105 degrees, indicative of a phase transition from alpha to alpha', with the x = 0.5 composition stabilizing as a single-phase alpha' structure. Fe incorporation reduces the average Mn valence from 3.23+ to 3.18+, thereby enhancing structural stability, as corroborated by electron diffraction and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. At the same time, hard carbon (HC) derived from chestnut shells was developed as a sustainable anode material, exhibiting a disordered framework favorable for Na+ storage. Electrochemical evaluation demonstrates that the x = 0.5 cathode delivers an initial half-cell capacity of 130.2 mAh/g, which declines to 77.1 mAh/g upon cycling. In contrast, the optimized electrode configuration affords improved stability. The HC anode attains a high reversible capacity of 317.3 mAh/g. Full-cell assemblies incorporating pre-sodiated HC anodes exhibit promising performance, underscoring the potential of this dual-material approach for developing high-performance, sustainable SIBs.Öğe Influence of precursor selection on the structural integrity and electrochemical performance of α-NaMnO2 cathode(Wiley, 2025) Dogan, Ebru; Whba, Rawdah; Canbay, Canan Aksu; Arshad, Muhammad; Sahinbay, Sevda; Altin, SerdarIn this study, the alpha-NaMnO2 phase was successfully synthesized using three different combinations of starting materials: Na2O2/Mn2O3, Na2O2/MnO2, and Na2CO3/Mn2O3. A one-step heat treatment at 900 degrees C for 5 h under air with quenching was applied. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the formation of pure alpha-NaMnO2 phase in all three samples, with only slight variations in lattice parameters. Elemental and oxidation state analyses were conducted using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma measurements. XPS results revealed noticeable differences in Mn ion valence states, suggesting variations in oxygen stoichiometry and the presence of oxygen-excess structures. Electrochemical evaluations were performed in both half-cell and full-cell configurations. The samples exhibited distinct performance characteristics, with capacity fade over 100 cycles at C/3 between 1.5 and 4.3 V measured at 83.6%, 73.9%, and 83.1%, respectively. These differences correlated with the average oxidation state of Mn and O content. Full-cells, paired with presodiated commercial hard carbon anodes, showed the highest capacity for the Na2O2/MnO2 system and the best retention for the Na2CO3/Mn2O3 sample. Overall, this work demonstrates how even small variations in starting materials can significantly influence the structural and electrochemical behavior of alpha-NaMnO2.Öğe Interface-Engineered P2-Type Cathode and Biomass-Derived Anode for Stable Sodium-Ion Full Cells(Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2025) Dogan, Ebru; Moeez, Iqra; Chung, Kyung Yoon; Whba, Rawdah; Altin, Emine; Harfouche, Messaoud; Karta, MesutThis work presents a sustainable and high-performance sodium-ion full-cell architecture by combining a core@shell Na0.67Mn0.5Fe0.5O2@Al2O3 cathode with a hard carbon anode derived from cherry seed biowaste. The P2-type cathode material is synthesized via a conventional solid-state method and coated with Al2O3 using a scalable wet-chemical route. Structural and surface analyses confirmed the formation of a uniform Al2O3 shell, which enhanced the cathode's electrochemical stability by mitigating Mn3(+)-induced distortion and suppressing electrolyte side reactions. In parallel, the hard carbon anode is produced from cherry seeds-a low-cost and abundant byproduct-through high-temperature pyrolysis, delivering high capacity and excellent cycling performance. Electrochemical evaluation of both electrodes in half-cell and full-cell configurations revealed favorable sodium-ion diffusion, robust structural integrity, and improved interfacial properties. The half-cell, assembled with Na0.67Mn0.5Fe0.5O2@Al2O3 cathode, demonstrated remarkable cycling stability and rate capability within a practical 1.5-3.5 V window, retaining 94.5% capacity after 100 cycles. In situ XRD studies further elucidated the phase transitions and stability of the cathode during cycling. This study demonstrates a sustainable and scalable pathway for sodium-ion battery development by integrating surface-engineered cathodes and biomass-derived anodes.Öğe Interfacial Evaluation in ZnO-Coated NaxMn0.5Fe0.5O2 Cathodes and Hard Carbon Anodes Induced by Sodium Azide: Operando EIS and Structural Insights(Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2025) Whba, Rawdah; Dogan, Ebru; Duygulu, Ozgur; Alanazi, Abdullah K.; Arshad, Muhammad; Stoyanova, Radostina; Koleva, VioletaThis article explores the synthesis and electrochemical properties of NaxMn0.5Fe0.5O2 powders, prepared via a conventional solid-state reaction. Subsequently, the powders are functionalized with a ZnO protective coating through a wet-chemical approach employing zinc acetate in ethanol. Structural characterization confirmed that the ZnO layer maintained the P2-type (P6 3 /mmc) structure, while energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry mapping verified the successful coating. Electrochemical analyses, including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry, revealed that although the redox reaction mechanism remained unchanged, the charge-transfer resistance (R ct) depended on the coating thickness. ZnO-coated NMFO electrodes exhibited initial discharge capacities of 159.3, 153.6, and 124.8 mAh g- 1 with respective capacity retentions of 48.9%, 41.9%, and 52.0% after 100 cycles for ZnO contents of 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 wt.%. The galvanostatic intermittent titration technique results indicated that the diffusion coefficients varied with the coating conditions. Operando EIS from 1.5 to 4.3 V showed stable bulk resistance (R b) but voltage-dependent variations in solid electrolyte interface resistance (R SEI) and R ct. Additionally, sodium azide is used to presodiate the hard carbon (HC) anode to enhance the full-cell performance. The ZnO-coated cathode paired with NaN3 presodiated HC delivered a capacity of over 120 mAh g- 1 at C/10. Ex situ analysis after 500 cycles confirmed structural stability, demonstrating that ZnO coating and NaN3 presodiation collectively improve sodium-ion battery performance.Öğe Mechanistic insights into cathode-driven capacity degradation of NMC111/ graphite pouch cells under long-term cycling(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2025) Ates, Mehmet Nurullah; Zengin, Feyza; Whba, Rawdah; Tunaboylu, Bahadir; Aydemir, Umut; Peighambardoust, Naeimeh Sadat; Karslioglu, Nergiz GurbuzTo investigate long-term degradation, 2000 mAh NMC111/graphite (Gr) pouch cells were cycled 5500 times at a 1C rate. After cycling, the resulting degradation mechanisms were systematically analyzed. Structurally, X-ray diffraction (XRD) peak shifts (003, 108, 110) revealed Jahn-Teller (JT) distortion, evidenced by an increase in the c-lattice parameter. This led to the rise in internal resistance, consistent with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images that revealed pronounced grain deformation on the cathode. Chemically, ex-situ X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy revealed an increase in the valence states of Mn, Ni, and Co ions, indicating significant bulk changes that could potentially destabilize the oxygen lattice. X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) analysis further underscored the key role of weakening transition metal-oxygen (TM-O) bonds in driving this structural deformation. At the surface, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the formation of a cathode-electrolyte interphase (CEI) comprising lithium fluoride (LiF), LixPFy, and organic carbonates. The progression of these surface reactions is a key contributor to impedance growth and capacity fade over long-term cycling.Öğe Optimized performance of Na0.67Mn0.5Fe0.5O2@TiO2 and presodiated hard carbon (Pre-SHC) full-cells using direct contact method(Elsevier, 2025) Dogan, Ebru; Whba, Rawdah; Altin, Emine; Moeez, Iqra; Chung, Kyung Yoon; Stoyanova, Radostina; Koleva, VioletaWe report the synthesis and electrochemical performance of an optimized core-shell structure composed of P2type Na0.67Mn0.5Fe0.5O2 coated with TiO2. The structural properties are characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which confirm the successful formation of the core-shell structure. Electrochemical performance is evaluated through tests on halfcells and full-cells. Na0.67Mn0.5Fe0.5O2@TiO2 as cathode and sodium metal as anode are used in half-cells, while in full-cells, presodiated hard carbon (Pre-SHC) anodes are prepared via a direct-contact method. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) tests show similar redox behavior for uncoated and TiO2-coated Na0.67Mn0.5Fe0.5O2. Galvanostatic cycling tests are performed using two different voltage windows of 1.5-3.5 V and 1.5-4.3 V and capacity retention values are compared. Performance analysis of the full-cells reveals the best conditions for the presodiation process for the hard carbon (HC) anode. The first charge and discharge capacity values are used to determine the optimized presodiation conditions. Long-term cycling tests for both uncoated and TiO2-coated Na0.67Mn0.5Fe0.5O2 cathodes show significantly improved capacity retention and stability for the Na0.67Mn.0.5Fe0.5O2 @TiO2 cathode over 500 cycles at 0.5 and 1.0C rates. This study highlights the effectiveness of the TiO2 coating in enhancing the electrochemical performance and stability of Na0.67Mn0.5Fe0.5O2 cathode material.Öğe Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium/Sulfur Batteries(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Whba, Rawdah; Su’ait, Mohd Sukor; Ahmad, AzizanLithium/sulfur batteries (LSBs) are an attractive option for innovative energy storage systems due to their exceptional energy density and capacity. In the last ten years, electrolyte research has jumped from studying liquid organic electrolytes (OLEs) to studying solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) to find the excellent performance of LSBs with increased safety and energy densities. Solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) have shown the ability to prevent further expansion of lithium dendrites due to their greater mechanical strength. Notwithstanding, the small electrochemical window hampers the commercialization of solid-state LSBs (SSLSBs) for electrolytes, low ionic conductivity, and poor interfacial contact due to the absence of any liquid components. Gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs), which integrate liquid electrolytes (LEs) in solid polymer matrices, have been successfully designed to address these challenges. Although the ideal ionic transport and low interfacial resistance of GPE have prompted many researchers to make significant advances in highly implemented LSBs, a complete evaluation of GPE for LSBs remains incomplete. This chapter critically discusses recent literature, aiming to explore various types of PE-based LSBs. Additionally, it delves into the influence of polymers on the formation of lithium dendrites and navigates the challenges associated with multiple interfaces. In essence, elucidating the current advancements and summarizing the distinct challenges associated with polymer-based electrolytes will be instrumental in advancing the field of PE-based LSBs. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024.Öğe Renewable Energy in Developing Countries: Insight into Challenges, Policy, and Financing(American Chemical Society, 2025) Whba, RawdahThe escalating global energy demand underscores the urgency of transitioning towards sustainable sources, particularly in developing countries (DCs). This chapter analyses renewable energy (RE) technologies and their transformative potential in addressing the energy needs of these nations while ensuring environmental sustainability. It begins by offering a comprehensive overview of various RE sources, such as solar, wind, hydropower, and biomass, highlighting their accessibility and cost-effectiveness compared to conventional fossil fuels. The adaptability of these technologies to diverse geographical and socio-economic conditions is emphasized, making them particularly relevant to the unique challenges DCs face. Furthermore, the chapter examines case studies, demonstrating how these technologies have been successfully integrated into local communities to provide power to residences, businesses, and entire villages. The socio-economic benefits, including employment generation, improved health outcomes, and increased resilience to climate change, are explored in depth. However, challenges to widespread adoption are also acknowledged, including the need for supportive policy frameworks, financial mechanisms, and capacity building. The chapter underscores the pivotal role of these factors in overcoming obstacles and advancing sustainable development goals in DCs. Overall, this thorough exploration of RE technologies is a valuable resource for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners. It serves their understanding and advocacy for integrating these technologies to achieve a cleaner, more equitable energy future for DCs. © 2025 American Chemical SocietyÖğe Synergistic Impact of Vanadium Doping on the Structural and Electrochemical Performance of O3-NaMnO2 as Sodium-Ion Battery Cathode Material(Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2025) Benzaid, Abdelali; Bounar, Nedjemeddine; Whba, Rawdah; Saoudel, Abdelmalek; Guler, Mihrihan; Altin, SerdarVanadium-doped sodium manganese oxides (O3-NaMnO2) are promising cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their structural stability and enhanced electrochemical performance. This study systematically investigates the effects of V doping (x = 0.03-0.50) on the structural, morphological, and electrochemical properties of NaMnO2 synthesized via a solid-state method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirms that low V doping (x <= 0.10) stabilizes the layered O3 structure and suppresses Jahn-Teller (JT) distortions, while higher doping induces a secondary Na0.5VO2 phase. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM/TEM) reveal that moderate V substitution (x = 0.10) improves particle uniformity and Na-ion transport. Electrochemical measurements show that both x = 0.03 and x = 0.10 exhibit good performance; however, x = 0.03 provides the best overall balance of high capacity, rate capability, and cycling stability, delivering initial charge and discharge capacities of 211 and 124 mAh/g, respectively. Redox and impedance analyses indicate reduced charge-transfer resistance and enhanced Na-ion kinetics at this composition. In contrast, excessive V doping (x >= 0.30) causes structural degradation and capacity fading. These results highlight the importance of controlled V doping in optimizing NaMnO2-based cathodes for high-performance SIBs.Öğe Synergistic interface design of Al2O3-coated NMC811 and graphitic-based pre-lithiated anodes for enhanced full-cell performance(Royal Soc Chemistry, 2026) Dogan, Ebru; Whba, Rawdah; Moeez, Iqra; Chung, Kyung Yoon; Yilmaz, Ece Unur; Altin, Emine; Ates, Mehmet NurullahThis study investigated aluminum oxide (Al2O3) surface coatings on lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC811) cathodes using a wet chemical process based on ethanol-dissolved aluminum ethoxide (Al(OEt)3). Three coating concentrations, 1, 2, and 3 wt% Al precursor relative to the NMC811 mass, were synthesized and referred to as NMC811@AlO-1, NMC811@AlO-2, and NMC811@AlO-3, respectively. The workflow encompassed structural and surface characterizations of the coated samples, followed by electrochemical evaluation in half- and full-cell configurations. FTIR confirmed Al-O bond formation, while XRD and Raman spectroscopy verified that the NMC811 lattice structure remained unchanged after coating. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (TEM-EDX) confirmed the successful deposition of the Al2O3 layer. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) analysis revealed Al3+ ion diffusion into the grain interiors, indicating a potential impact on the electrochemical performance of the electrodes. Electrochemical tests showed that all the coated samples exhibited improved stability, with NMC811@AlO-3 (3 wt% coating) achieving the best capacity retention in half cells. In the second phase, full cells were formed using pre-lithiated graphite, graphene, and graphene oxide (GO) anodes, for which pre-lithiation conditions were optimized. Among all combinations, the NMC811@AlO-3/GO full cell demonstrated the highest initial discharge capacity (183 mAh g-1) and the best cycling retention (80.1% after 250 cycles at C/2). These results suggest that a 3 wt% Al2O3 coating, combined with a GO anode, provides the most promising pathway toward high-performance full-cell systems.Öğe Unlocking the Potential of Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR)-Based Polymer Electrolytes: Key Strategies, Bibliometric Insights, and Future Directions(Amer Chemical Soc, 2025) Whba, Rawdah; Sahinbay, Sevda; Whba, Fathyah; Nakir, Muhammed Yusuf; Altin, SerdarNatural rubber (NR) and its modified forms, such as epoxidized NR (ENR), are widely used in industries due to their versatility, biodegradability, and unique elastomeric properties. ENR has recently gained attention as a sustainable alternative to synthetic polymer electrolytes (PEs) in low- to moderate-temperature electrochemical devices, including lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), supercapacitors, and proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). It offers advantages such as low cost, eco-friendliness, and excellent film-forming ability. However, its practical application is hindered by poor mechanical strength, low ionic conductivity, and limited thermal and chemical stability, making it unsuitable for high-temperature systems like solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Advanced modification techniques-such as blending with reinforcing polymers, chemical cross-linking, graft copolymerization, and nanofiller incorporation-have been explored to overcome these limitations. These strategies significantly enhance ENR's mechanical robustness, ionic transport, and resistance to heat and solvents, improving its viability for targeted electrochemical applications. This perspective discusses recent progress in ENR-based PEs, emphasizing conductivity, moisture resistance, and long-term durability improvements. Sustainable fabrication methods are also critical to developing high-performance membranes that minimize fuel crossover while maintaining efficient ion transport. Therefore, future research should optimize ENR's electrochemical properties and thermal stability to support performance under challenging operating conditions.
