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    EFFECTS OF UPPER EXTREMITY FATIGUE ON SHOOTING ACCURACY, KINEMATICS, AND MUSCLE ACTIVATION IN BASKETBALL PLAYERS
    (Univ Ljubljana Press, 2025) Yasar, Merve Nur; Cilli, Murat; Bakici, Dogus; Gul, Ayse Nur Ay; Kalk, Berkan; Cinarli, Fahri Safa
    Fatigue is a critical determinant of sports performance, often impairing athletic precision and efficiency. This study investigated the effects of upper extremity fatigue on shooting accuracy, kinematics, and muscle activity in adolescent basketball players. Twelve participants (age: 15 +/- 1.1 yrs; sports experience: 6 +/- 2.7 yrs) performed free throws under pre-and post-fatigue conditions. Fatigue was induced through a structured protocol utilizing a graphical user interface to monitor exertion levels. Shooting accuracy was qualitatively assessed based on predefined shot outcome categories. Kinematic variables, joint angles, joint angular velocities, and ball trajectory parameters were analyzed alongside muscle activation of key upper extremity muscles. Post-fatigue analysis revealed a significant decrease in elbow angular velocity (-5.08%, p = 0.041, effect size = 0.59), indicating impaired joint coordination. Additionally, palmaris longus muscle activation declined (-4.68%, p = 0.028, effect size = 0.63), suggesting reduced wrist stability and grip control. Furthermore, shooting accuracy deteriorated, with a significant increase in the frequency of'Airball' (p < 0.05) and 'Short or uncontrolled shot did not score' (p < 0.05) outcomes. However, no significant differences were observed in the 'Balanced and controlled shot, but did not score' and 'Successful shot' categories. These findings highlight the negative impact of fatigue on neuromuscular control and biomechanics, underscoring the importance of fatigue management strategies in basketball training to maintain shooting efficiency.
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    The Association Between Heart Rate and Shooting Accuracy in Young Football Players
    (Montenegrin Sports Academy, 2025) Yasar, Merve Nur; Cilli, Murat; Cinarli, Fahri Safa; Sakabas, Samet; Guvenkaya, Murat; Oztoprak, Usame
    This study aimed to examine the accuracy of shots taken at various heart rate (HR) percentages resulting from increasing workload. Twenty-one male football players (age: 21.7 years) in amateur teams participated in the study. Athletes were asked to shoot at the center of the prepared target ten meters away before the test and at each level of the progressively increasing intensity exercise protocol (Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1)). At the end of each level, the distance of the shots to the center of the target and the areas of contact with the target was determined. During the test, HR was monitored and percentages of maximum HR (%HRmax) at each level were determined. The distance to the target and contact zones of the shots were compared depending on different percentages of %HRmax. It was observed that the increased HR due to the increased workload negatively affected the accuracy of the shots. In particular, the accuracy rate decreased significantly after 80% of the maximum HR compared with the resting HR (47-82%). Additionally, it was observed that the percentage of balls directed to the upper right corner increased as HR rose, with no shots targeting the center after the third level of Yo-Yo IR1 (%HRmax=~80%). Therefore, it can be concluded that a high HR impairs football accuracy. Consequently, football players should engage in workouts that enhance their ability to perform at a high HR, and coaches should design training programs in this vein. © 2025 Montenegrin Sports Academy. All rights reserved.