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    Phytochemical and Antioxidant Variability in Some Black Mulberry, Chokeberry, and Elderberry Cultivars in Relation to Cultivar, Plant Part, and Extraction Solvent
    (Mdpi, 2025) Zengin, Rukiye; Ugur, Yilmaz; Erdogan, Selim; Yavuz, Cigdem; Hatterman-Valenti, Harlene; Kaya, Ozkan
    Polyphenols and flavonoids are key bioactive compounds with significant antioxidant properties, making them crucial for human health and nutraceutical applications. However, their extraction efficiency and concentrations are influenced by multiple factors, including plant part, cultivar, and solvent selection. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of plant part, cultivar, and solvent type on the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant capacity (ABTS and CUPRAC assays) in different extracts from black mulberry, chokeberry, and elderberry. In all three species, the leaves exhibited significantly higher phytochemical and antioxidant properties than the fruits, with an average increase of 62.8-133.4% in the TPC and 55.4-390.3% in the TFC. Among genotypes, G & uuml;m & uuml;& scedil;hac & imath;k & ouml;y Horum and Tohma Medik (black mulberry), Viking and Nero (chokeberry), and Tokat (T1) (elderberry) demonstrated the highest levels of bioactive compounds, while & Scedil;elale Karadut, Aron, and Haschberg exhibited the lowest values. Solvent selection played a crucial role, with methanol:water:HCl emerging as the most effective extraction medium, increasing the TPC by 27.5-46.3%, the TFC by 28.3-67.6%, and the antioxidant capacity (ABTS and CUPRAC) by up to 94.2% compared to water extraction. These findings indicate the significance of leaf-based bioactive compound extraction and optimized solvent selection for maximizing antioxidant yields. The results of this study also have important implications for both fruit cultivation and human nutrition, highlighting the potential of leaves as a valuable source of polyphenols and antioxidants.
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    Potential effects of calcium and ethanol generator pads on mulberry fruit during cold storage
    (Springer, 2025) Zengin, Rukiye; Gunes, Nurdan Tuna; Ugur, Yilmaz; Yigiter, Bennur; Cocen, Erdogan; Altun, Oktay Turgay; Yavuz, Cigdem
    The unique flavour and high nutritional value of mulberry (Morus spp.) fruit have increased its fresh consumption in recent years. However, the fruit sensitive to postharvest pathogens, spoil quickly resulted with high level of postharvest losses because of soft and sensitive texture of this fruit with high water content. This study aimed to extend the shelf life of fresh mulberries using ethanol generator pads (EGP) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) treatments in 'Bursa Siyah & imath;' and 'Kenmochi' mulberry genotypes. After harvest, the fruits were treated with EGP, 1% CaCl2 or a combination of both and stored at 0 +/- 0.5 degrees C with 85-90% relative humidity for 21 days. Untreated fruits (control group) exhibited intense mould growth by the 9th day, losing commercial value and analyses were not conducted. In contrast, EGP treatments alone extended the shelf life to 18 days for 'Bursa Siyah & imath;' and 15 days for 'Kenmochi', while the combination of EGP and CaCl2 provided intermediate results. As the storage period was extended, the rate of decay and weight loss increased in both genotypes. During storage, weight loss in EGP-treated fruits was limited to 2.63%, compared to over 5% in the control group. The total anthocyanin and total phenolic content showed a significant decrease in all treatments during the storage period. However, the EGP treatment was more effective in preserving these parameters. On day 6 of the study, the total anthocyanin content in 'Kenmochi' and 'Bursa Siyah & imath;' fruits was 764.48 and 10.98 mg/100 g in EGP treatment, while it was 610.60 and 6.83 mg/100 g in the control group, respectively. It was also found that the treatments had no effect on the color change of the mulberries. The combination of cold storage and EGP effectively extended the storage period of the fruits. These findings highlight the potential of EGP as a practical, cost-effective solution for the fresh fruit market. Furthermore, besides the treatments, storage time and temperature are the determining factors in fruit quality. However, its impact on mould growth became limited after a certain period. Our results show that, regardless of the treatments applied, storage time also has a significant effect on fruit quality.