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Öğe Comparative Assessment of Kernel Chemical Properties from Six Sweet Cherry Cultivars at Four Ripening Stages(Springer, 2025) Nalcaci, Sultan; Onal, Yunus; Zengin, Rukiye; Toptas, Yeliz; Erdogan, SelimFruits are industrially processed, producing a significant amount of waste and by-products including peels, stones and seeds. These significant agri-food wastes are considered as a source of high-value-added compounds for use in the nutraceutical, chemical, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. The aim of this study was to define the profiles and evaluate the content of fatty acids in kernel oils obtained from fruit seeds of six different cultivars of sweet cherries ('Sweet Heart', '0900 Ziraat', 'Hardy Giant', 'Dalbast & imath;', 'Starks Gold', 'Lambert') during the four ripening stages, to reveal the X-ray diffraction (XRD) diffractograms and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy data of the kernels, and to evaluate the morphological changes occurring in their structures using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD analysis confirmed that cherry kernels contain both amorphous and crystalline structures. This finding enhances the potential industrial applications of cherry kernels. In the SEM images of all samples, it was observed that the cellulose structure was observed to be layered (graphitic), while the oil exhibited a cellular structure. The oil ratios from these kernels were determined to be between 21.71% ('Lambert') and 28.07% ('Starks Gold') for the 8th week. The highest oil content was obtained in weeks 7 and 8 of the 'Starks Gold' cultivar. Sweet cherry kernel oils are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly oleic, linoleic and palmitic acid. The main fatty acids were oleic (35.62-70.60%), linoleic (2.59-69.22%), palmitic (7.40-17.63%) and stearic (2.86-7.52%) acid. The prominent fatty acid of the kernel oils of the sweet cherry was oleic acid. According to the findings of this study, the kernels of sweet cherry cultivars have the potential to produce excellent oil that can be used in edible and other industrial sectors.Öğe Comparative chemical and biological evaluation of Urtica dioica extracts obtained by methanol and hexane: antioxidant, cytotoxic, apoptotic, and antimicrobial potentials(Bmc, 2025) Ugur, Yilmaz; Menevse, Irem Nur; Dundar, Muhammed; Karci, Huseyin; Zengin, Rukiye; Guzel, AbdussamatBackground Urtica dioica L. is a widely utilized medicinal plant with potential antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial properties. Methods This study aimed to investigate its multi-target biological activities across four cell lines (A549, MDA-MB-231, HCT116, and BEAS-2B) while evaluating the impact of two extraction solvents (acidified methanol and hexane) on activity outcomes. Results The acidified methanolic extract exhibited higher total phenolic (61.25 +/- 3.07 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (51.20 +/- 2.01 mg CE/g) content, correlating with superior antioxidant activity (DPPH: 84.36 +/- 1.50 mg TE/g; CUPRAC: 174.04 +/- 9.54 mg TE/g). In contrast, the hexane extract demonstrated stronger cytotoxicity across cancer cell lines (IC50: 3.10-4.12 mu g/mL), along with significant induction of apoptosis and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, despite lower antioxidant capacity. In addition, both extracts increased the protein levels of p21 and cleaved caspase-3, suggesting involvement of cell cycle inhibition and activation of intrinsic apoptotic signalling pathways. Moderate antimicrobial activity was also observed, with inhibition zones ranging from 7 to 10 mm across bacterial and fungal strains. Conclusions These findings highlight the bioactive potential of U. dioica and the critical role of extraction solvent in modulating its total phenolic and flavonoid contents and biological effects. The observed upregulation of p21 and cleaved caspase-3 further supports the notion that U. dioica extracts may exert antiproliferative activity through p21-mediated cell cycle control and caspase-dependent apoptosis. Further in vivo studies and mechanistic investigations are needed to confirm these observations and clarify their potential therapeutic relevance.Öğe Determination of Phytochemical Composition in Fruits and Leaves from Different Origins: Black Mulberry, Chokeberry and Elderberry Genotypes(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2024) Zengin, Rukiye; Maras, Zeynep; Ugur, Yilmaz; Oezhan, Onural; Karaat, Firat Ege; Erdogan, SelimBlack mulberry, chokeberry and elderberry have medicinal properties associated with the presence of phytochemicals which are compounds with potential antioxidant properties. The previously published reports have shown that these compounds significantly affect the course of disease processes by counteracting oxidative stress. In this study, the primary anthocyanins were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Individual phenolic compounds, tocopherols and amygdalin were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD). Elemental contents were determined by inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The obtained results reveal the significant presence of primary and secondary compounds in the assessed fruits and leaves, with notable variations depending on fruit species and genotypes. The most abundant compounds were phenolic acids and flavonoids. Analyses indicated that chlorogenic acid, rutin, and cyanidin derivatives were predominant phenolic compounds in all fruit species, while phenolic acids and flavonoids were prominent in leaf samples. The highest chlorogenic acid was determined in black mulberry leaves (ranging from 2403.23 to 3542.53 mg/100 g). Generally, the concentration of phenolic compounds were higher in the leaves than in the fruits of the plant. The highest concentration of amygdalin was detected in black mulberry fruits, ranging from 102.12 to 272.46 mg/100 g. Calcium and potassium were the dominant elements in both berries and leaves.Öğe Effects of black mulberry, chokeberry, and elderberry extracts on the healing of burn wounds(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2025) Zengin, Rukiye; Erdogan, Selim; Ozhan, Onural; Karaca, Elif Taslidere; Ozcinar, Semih; Yilmaztekin, Yakup; Yagin, Fatma HilalBackground: In the burn affected area of the skin, the progression or deepening of wounds is related to oxidative stress. Especially in the highly susceptible stasis zone, tissues survive to the extent that they can cope with oxidative stress. Objective: This study investigated the potential of extracts (E) derived from the fruits (F) and leaves (L) of elderberry (E), chokeberry (C), and black mulberry (M), which are rich in antioxidant properties, to enhance the recovery of the stasis zone in burn wounds. Methods: The study employed a sample size of 56 healthy rats. The comb burn model was used. The rats were administered the extracts via gastric gavage for a period of 21 days. Histological examination and biochemical analyses were conducted on biopsies taken from the stasis zone on the 3rd, 7th, and 21st days of the study. Photography was performed for macroscopic evaluations. The histological assays included the evaluation of inflammatory cell infiltration, reepithelialization, and collagenization, as well as immunohistochemical analysis of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Bioassays pertaining to the enzymatic activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were performed. Results: In macroscopic evaluation, a significant difference was found between the groups in terms of stasis area (F=3.58, p2< 0.001). Post-hoc analyses showed that there was a significant difference between CFE-ELE, EFEBurn, ELE-Burn and MLE-Burn groups in terms of stasis zones (p < 0.05). However, the difference between the groups according to time was not significant (F=1.36, p = 0.16). At the end of the 21-day experiment, inflammatory cell infiltration was higher in the burn group compared to the other groups, but similar to the CFE group. Re-epithelialization was similar in the burn group compared to the fruit extract groups and significantly lower compared to the leaf extract groups. Furthermore, a significant increase in collagenization and VEGF immunoreactivity was observed in all treatment groups compared to the burn group (p < 0.05). However, no significant difference was detected between the treatment groups. The treatment groups presented a notable reduction in MDA levels in comparison to the burn group (p < 0.001). Conclusion: This study demonstrated the efficacy of fruit and leaf extracts in burn healing. Histological examination revealed that leaf extracts exhibited superior healing effects compared to fruit extracts. These results suggest that bioactive components in fruits and leaves may have different biological effects.Öğe Integrated chemical and biological characterization of Hypericum perforatum extract using LC-MS/MS and in vitro functional assays(Nature Portfolio, 2026) Guzel, Mehmet Ali; Kolac, Turgay; Menevse, Irem Nur; Dundar, Muhammed; Zengin, Rukiye; Guzel, Abdussamat; Ugur, YilmazHypericum perforatum L. (St. John's wort) is a medicinal plant known for its diverse secondary metabolites and pharmacological potential. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the phytochemical composition and bioactivities of methanolic extracts from wild H. perforatum. LC-MS/MS analysis identified 36 compounds, including phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid) and flavonoids (rutin, isoquercitrin, quercetin), with the first-time detection of genkwanin, vicenin-2, schaftoside, and afzelin, to the best of our knowledge. The extract demonstrated significant antioxidant activity, with a total phenolic content of 203.04 mg GAE/g DW and strong radical scavenging activity in DPPH (544.78 mg TE/g DW) and ABTS (312.15 mg TE/g DW) assays. In vitro assays showed marked cytotoxicity across multiple cancer cell lines, with IC50 values as low as 3.57 & micro;g/mL in A549 cells, indicating stronger activity compared to cisplatin. Flow cytometric analysis revealed substantial apoptosis induction (up to 53.67% in A549 cells) and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest (76.37% in A549). The extract also exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus, but no activity against P. aeruginosa or Candida species. These results position H. perforatum as a rich source of bioactive compounds with antioxidant, anticancer, and antimicrobial potential, and suggest further research into its therapeutic applications.Öğe Phytochemical and Antioxidant Variability in Some Black Mulberry, Chokeberry, and Elderberry Cultivars in Relation to Cultivar, Plant Part, and Extraction Solvent(Mdpi, 2025) Zengin, Rukiye; Ugur, Yilmaz; Erdogan, Selim; Yavuz, Cigdem; Hatterman-Valenti, Harlene; Kaya, OzkanPolyphenols and flavonoids are key bioactive compounds with significant antioxidant properties, making them crucial for human health and nutraceutical applications. However, their extraction efficiency and concentrations are influenced by multiple factors, including plant part, cultivar, and solvent selection. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of plant part, cultivar, and solvent type on the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant capacity (ABTS and CUPRAC assays) in different extracts from black mulberry, chokeberry, and elderberry. In all three species, the leaves exhibited significantly higher phytochemical and antioxidant properties than the fruits, with an average increase of 62.8-133.4% in the TPC and 55.4-390.3% in the TFC. Among genotypes, G & uuml;m & uuml;& scedil;hac & imath;k & ouml;y Horum and Tohma Medik (black mulberry), Viking and Nero (chokeberry), and Tokat (T1) (elderberry) demonstrated the highest levels of bioactive compounds, while & Scedil;elale Karadut, Aron, and Haschberg exhibited the lowest values. Solvent selection played a crucial role, with methanol:water:HCl emerging as the most effective extraction medium, increasing the TPC by 27.5-46.3%, the TFC by 28.3-67.6%, and the antioxidant capacity (ABTS and CUPRAC) by up to 94.2% compared to water extraction. These findings indicate the significance of leaf-based bioactive compound extraction and optimized solvent selection for maximizing antioxidant yields. The results of this study also have important implications for both fruit cultivation and human nutrition, highlighting the potential of leaves as a valuable source of polyphenols and antioxidants.Öğe Phytochemical stability and bioavailability of black mulberry, chokeberry, and elderberry during gastrointestinal digestion and their implications for human nutrition(Scientific Scholar Llc, 2025) Zengin, Rukiye; Ugur, Yilmaz; Erdogan, Selim; Hatterman-Valenti, Harlene; Kaya, OzkanUnderstanding the fate of bioactive compounds during human digestion is crucial for translating berry consumption into actual health benefits. In this study, we investigated the effects of different digestion methods and gastrointestinal environments on the phytochemical content and antioxidant capacity of the black mulberry (BMF), chokeberry (CF), and Elderberry (EF) fruit and leaf samples. Pre-digest and digest methods were applied to evaluate changes in phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity under simulated oral, gastric, and intestinal conditions. Based on our findings, elderberry demonstrated the highest total phenolic content in the intestinal phase (44.0 mg GAE/g), while chokeberry showed the highest antioxidant capacity, with cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) values of 134.3 mg TE/g and 2,2 '-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline 6-sulfonate) (ABTS) of 104.8 mg TE/g. Anthocyanin stability analysis revealed severe degradation of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside during digestion, with reductions of 68.9%, 70.4%, and 82.7% in oral, gastric, and intestinal phases respectively from initial concentrations of 2106.12 mg/100g. Notably, quercetin content increased dramatically from 0.8-0.9 mg/100g to 16.8 mg/100g in BMF during intestinal digestion, while catechin showed substantial reduction from 1151.4 mg/100g in elderberry samples. This research elucidates the complex dynamics of phytochemical stability and bioavailability during gastrointestinal digestion, providing valuable insights for understanding the potential health benefits of these berries in human nutrition and suggesting opportunities for developing targeted delivery systems to enhance the stability of beneficial compounds throughout the digestive process.Öğe Potential effects of calcium and ethanol generator pads on mulberry fruit during cold storage(Springer, 2025) Zengin, Rukiye; Gunes, Nurdan Tuna; Ugur, Yilmaz; Yigiter, Bennur; Cocen, Erdogan; Altun, Oktay Turgay; Yavuz, CigdemThe unique flavour and high nutritional value of mulberry (Morus spp.) fruit have increased its fresh consumption in recent years. However, the fruit sensitive to postharvest pathogens, spoil quickly resulted with high level of postharvest losses because of soft and sensitive texture of this fruit with high water content. This study aimed to extend the shelf life of fresh mulberries using ethanol generator pads (EGP) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) treatments in 'Bursa Siyah & imath;' and 'Kenmochi' mulberry genotypes. After harvest, the fruits were treated with EGP, 1% CaCl2 or a combination of both and stored at 0 +/- 0.5 degrees C with 85-90% relative humidity for 21 days. Untreated fruits (control group) exhibited intense mould growth by the 9th day, losing commercial value and analyses were not conducted. In contrast, EGP treatments alone extended the shelf life to 18 days for 'Bursa Siyah & imath;' and 15 days for 'Kenmochi', while the combination of EGP and CaCl2 provided intermediate results. As the storage period was extended, the rate of decay and weight loss increased in both genotypes. During storage, weight loss in EGP-treated fruits was limited to 2.63%, compared to over 5% in the control group. The total anthocyanin and total phenolic content showed a significant decrease in all treatments during the storage period. However, the EGP treatment was more effective in preserving these parameters. On day 6 of the study, the total anthocyanin content in 'Kenmochi' and 'Bursa Siyah & imath;' fruits was 764.48 and 10.98 mg/100 g in EGP treatment, while it was 610.60 and 6.83 mg/100 g in the control group, respectively. It was also found that the treatments had no effect on the color change of the mulberries. The combination of cold storage and EGP effectively extended the storage period of the fruits. These findings highlight the potential of EGP as a practical, cost-effective solution for the fresh fruit market. Furthermore, besides the treatments, storage time and temperature are the determining factors in fruit quality. However, its impact on mould growth became limited after a certain period. Our results show that, regardless of the treatments applied, storage time also has a significant effect on fruit quality.Öğe Potential N-Heterocyclic Carbene Precursors in the Palladium-Catalyzed Heck Reaction(Wiley, 2013) Demir, Serpil; Zengin, Rukiye; Ozdemir, IsmailA novel 1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-substi-tuted imidazolidinium/benzimidazolium salts as N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) precursors were successfully synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR, and elemental analysis techniques. These compounds were easily prepared from the reaction of N-alkyl imidazoline/N-alkyl benzimidazole with bromomethylcyclobutane in high yields. The in situ formed catalytic system derived from the NHC precursor and Pd(OAc)2 was used in the Heck reaction between aryl halides and styrene with potassium hydroxide in water. The corresponding Heck products were obtained in good yields. (c) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 24:7783, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.21065Öğe Preharvest Bagging Influences Berry Quality and Phenolic Composition in 'Kureyş' and 'Banaz Kara' Grape Cultivars(Springer, 2025) Cuhaci, Cigdem; Zengin, Rukiye; Unal, Mehmet Settar; Erdogan, Selim; Turan, Sebahat; Asma, Bayram MuratBagging is a crucial practice for achieving high-quality grape production and to enhance the commercial value of the fruit. The present study investigated the effects of bagging on the antioxidant capacity and phenolic composition of the 'Kurey & scedil;' and 'Banaz Kara' grape varieties, which are widely cultivated in Turkey. The fruits were bagged using brown paper bags at the pea-sized development stage. Significant differences were observed between the two varieties in terms of fruit weight, colour, antioxidant capacity, and specific phenolic compounds. In the 'Kurey & scedil;' variety, bagging was found to enhance antioxidant activity. DPPH increased from 1988.43 mg TE/kg to 2212.53 mg TE/kg, while CUPRAC increased from 3774.28 mg TE/kg to 4534.57 mg TE/kg. The rutin content was also significantly higher in bagged samples (1675.21 mu g/g) compared to unbagged samples (1093.66 mu g/g). However, the concentrations of other important phenolic compounds, including isoquercitrin (10,493.84 mu g/g), eriodictyol (15,620.65 mu g/g), and procyanidin B2 (5573.98 mu g/g), were considerably higher in unbagged fruits. This suggests that exposure to light plays a pivotal role in stimulating the accumulation of these compounds. In the 'Banaz Kara' variety, light exposure was associated with an increased accumulation of phenolic compounds and enhanced skin pigmentation. These findings highlight variety-specific responses and emphasize the importance of adapting vineyard management strategies according to grape variety.wÖğe Siklobütan grubu içeren NHC ve metal komplekslerinin sentezi ile özellikleri(İnönü Üniversitesi, 2013) Zengin, RukiyeN-heterosiklik karbenler (NHC) ve bunlardan sentezlenen geçiş metal kompleksleri, organometalik kimyada oldukça yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu bileşiklerin azot atomu üzerindeki sübstitüyentler ile sterik etkileri, 4,5-konumuna bağlı gruplarla da elektronik etkileri ayarlanabilir. Bu özellikleri ile katalizde yaygın olarak kullanılan fosfin ligandlarına alternatiftir. Bu nedenle çalışmamızda siklik yapı içeren (siklobütan gibi) N-heterosiklik karben öncülleri sentezledi ve uygun spektroskopik yöntemlerle yapısal olarak karakterize edildi. NHC ligantlı rutenyum ve palladyum kompleksleri hazırlandı ve yapısal özellikleri araştırıldı. Yapılan çalışmalar dört başlıkta özetlenebilir: 1) N-sübstitüye imidazolin ve N-sübstitüye benzimidazol bileşiklerinin bromometil siklobütan ile etkileşiminden 1,3-disübstitüye imidazolidinyum (1a-1d) ve 1,3-disübstitüye benzimidazolyum tuzları (2a-2h) hazırlandı. 2) Benzimidazolyum tuzlarının Pd(OAc)2 ile etkileşiminden benzimidazol-2-iliden ligantı içeren palladyum kompleksleri sentezlendi (3a-3e). Yeni sentezlenen komplekslerin yapıları uygun spektroskopik yöntemlerle aydınlatıldı. 3c bileşiği için X-ışını yöntemi kullanılarak yapısal karakterizasyon verileri desteklendi. 3) Benzimidazolyum ve imidazolidinyum tuzları, [RuCl2(p-simen)]2 ve Cs2CO3 ile toluende etkileştirilerek Ru-NHC kompleksleri sentezlendi (4a, 4b) ve (5a-5c). Sentezlenen tüm komplekslerin yapıları uygun spektroskopik yöntemlerle aydınlatıldı. 5b ve 5c kompleksleri için X-ışını yöntemi kullanılarak yapısal veriler desteklendi. 4) NHC öncüllerinin Pd(OAc)2 ile tepkime ortamında oluşturduğu katalitik sistem suda gerçekleşen Heck tepkimesinde kullanıldı ve aktif oldukları görüldü.Öğe Sun-Drying and Melatonin Treatment Effects on Apricot Color, Phytochemical, and Antioxidant Properties(Mdpi, 2025) Zengin, Rukiye; Ugur, Yilmaz; Levent, Yasemin; Erdogan, Selim; Hatterman-Valenti, Harlene; Kaya, OzkanPost-harvest deterioration of fruit quality represents a significant challenge in the dried fruit industry, particularly affecting the preservation of nutritional compounds and sensory attributes during the drying process. This research examined the potential protective effects of exogenous melatonin supplementation on the preservation of selected quality metrics and antioxidant characteristics in sun-dried apricots, utilizing a comparative analysis across disparate melatonin concentrations (10, 100, and 1000 mu M). Our research findings demonstrated that melatonin treatment, particularly at 100 mu M concentration, significantly enhanced quality preservation in sun-dried apricots. Specifically, the treatment resulted in improved color retention (increased L*, a*, and b* values), reduced oxidative stress markers (MDA and H2O2), and optimized sugar composition (glucose: 18.99 g/100 g, fructose: 12.58 g/100 g, sucrose: 15.52 g/100 g). The melatonin treatment at 100 mu M concentration proved particularly effective, revealing the most significant results. Specifically, this concentration resulted in the highest beta-carotene levels, reaching 223.07 mg/kg. These findings suggest promising applications for commercial-scale implementation through either dipping or spraying methods. The non-toxic nature of melatonin and its demonstrated efficacy in preserving fruit quality parameters position it as a valuable post-harvest treatment option in the fruit supply chain. This research contributes significantly to advancing sustainable post-harvest preservation strategies, though further investigation into melatonin stability and standardization of application protocols remains necessary for optimal commercial implementation.Öğe Temporal shifts in phenolic composition and antioxidant responses of two Turkish grape cultivars ('Kureyş' and 'Tahannebi') during berry development(Springer, 2025) Ates, Sevim; Ugur, Yilmaz; Zengin, Rukiye; Demir, Nurullah; Dogan, Tugba; Erdogan, Selim; Hatterman-Valenti, HarlenePhenolic compounds play a vital role in grape quality, antioxidant potential, and stress resilience; therefore, tracking their variation across developmental stages is essential for both viticultural practices and functional food production. The aim was to characterize variety-specific phenolic dynamics and antioxidant activity changes to guide optimized harvest timing and functional quality improvement. In this regard, present study evaluated the accumulation patterns of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity across berry developmental stages from EL-27 (Eichhorn-Lorenz phenological scale) to EL-41 in two grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars, 'Kurey & scedil;' and 'Tahannebi'. A total of 17 phenolic compounds were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD), and total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu, ABTS (2,2 '-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), and DPPH ((1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assays. Significant differences (p < 0.001) were observed between varieties, phenological stages, and their interactions for all analyzed compounds. In general, phenolic concentrations peaked during the early stages (EL-27: K1, T1) and declined progressively through EL-31 (K2, T2), EL-33 (K3, T3), EL-35 (K4, T4), EL-36 (K5, T5), EL-38 (K6, T6), and EL-41 (K7, T7). 'Kurey & scedil;' consistently exhibited higher levels of gallic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid, and caftaric acid, with chlorogenic acid decreasing by 98.8% from EL-27 to EL-41. In contrast, 'Tahannebi' showed lower initial concentrations but retained specific compounds like ellagic acid and p-coumaric acid longer. Multivariate analyses revealed distinct metabolic clustering. PCA explained 85% of total variance, with early-stage samples characterized by enriched antioxidant profiles. Correlation analysis indicated strong associations among TPC, antioxidant capacity (ABTS, and DPPH) assays, suggesting coordinated biosynthetic regulation. Hierarchical clustering clearly distinguished early high-phenolic samples (e.g., K1, T2) from late-stage samples (K7, T7) with reduced biochemical activity. Overall, this study highlights genotype-dependent differences in phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity during grape ripening, offering integrated insights into their physiological basis and implications for harvest optimization, nutraceutical enhancement, and breeding for functional quality.
