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Analysis of Economic Leakage Level and Infrastructure Leakage Index Indicator by Applying Active Leakage Control
(Asce-Amer Soc Civil Engineers, 2021) Yilmaz, Salih; Firat, Mahmut; Ates, Abdullah; Ozdemir, Ozgur
Active leakage control (ALC) has an important place in the management and prevention of leaks in water or/and gas distribution systems. However, cost-benefit components and the amount of economically recoverable leakage should be analyzed and determined, respectively, for the effective implementation of this method. In this study, an analysis of the cost-benefit components of the ALC method is presented for determining the amount of recoverable leakage and evaluating changes in the infrastructure leakage index (ILI) under the ALC method. An economic analysis of ALC was made for nine regions with different characteristics and benefits. System performance was evaluated according to ILI by calculating cost. The economically recoverable leakage under ALC, representing the maximum amount of water that could be economically saved to the system by the ALC method in the district metered areas (DMAs), were calculated. The ILI parameter, which has quite an important place in the performance of water distribution systems (WDSs), may be insufficient on its own for determining whether application of ALC will be economical in a region. The results showed that application of ALC method would not be economical, especially in regions in which unit water production costs are low and the number of customers per unit length and leakage are low.
Analysis of molecular communication model via diffusion with cumulative distribution functions
(Gazi Univ, Fac Engineering Architecture, 2024) Isik, Ibrahim; Isik, Esme; Ates, Abdullah
Molecular Communication (MOC), a novel communication method between nano-sized devices, has gained attention in recent literature. Numerous MOC models have been utilized to analyze factors such as the number of molecules reaching the receiver and the molecule-interference ratio. However, a common trend observed in the existing MOC models is the predominant use of the Normal distribution function to describe the movement of carrier molecules within the diffusion medium. In contrast to the existing literature, this study aims to thoroughly investigate alternative distribution functions for the diffusion of molecules in the medium, taking into consideration the number of received molecules, in order to identify the MOC model with optimal performance. In this study, the performance of various distribution functions including extreme value distribution (EVRND), normal distribution (NRND), t-distribution (TRND), generalized extreme value distribution (GEVRND), and generalized Pareto distribution (GPRND) were compared using different system parameters to identify the best MOC model. The analysis revealed that the GPRND distribution exhibited the highest performance, while the NRND distribution demonstrated the lowest performance. Given the prevalent use of the NRND distribution in analyzing MOC models within the literature, the significance of this study is further underscored.
Analysis of network useful life and cost-benefits for sustainable water management
(Yildiz Technical Univ, 2024) Yilmaz, Salih; Firat, Mahmut; Ates, Abdullah
Main lines and service connections in distribution systems are damaged due to various factors. The leakage volume, operating and repair costs increase depending on the density of damage. The cost-benefit and economic life analysis should be done for network renewal in distribution systems. In this study, a useful life analysis model was developed for pipes serving in distribution systems. The total number of failures in water distribution systems, failure repair costs, pipe diameter and material and leakage rates in the existing system and network characteristics are considered. The developed model was applied in 9 isolated regions with different properties in the application area. The useful lives have varied depending on the characteristics of the regions. The number of failures and the amount of water losses, as well as the length of the network and the type of new pipe play serious role in useful life analysis. Especially, it was observed that the type of pipe material to be used in network renewal has an effect on the useful life. It is thought that this study will constitute a reference for technical personnel, especially in deciding to renew the network.
Auto-tuning of PID controller according to fractional-order reference model approximation for DC rotor control
(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2013) Alagoz, Baris Baykant; Ates, Abdullah; Yeroglu, Celaleddin
This paper presents a stochastic, multi-parameters, divergence optimization method for the auto-tuning of proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers according to a fractional-order reference model. The study aimed to approximate the step response of the real closed-loop flight control system to the response of a theoretical reference model for a smoother and more precise flight control experience. The proposed heuristic optimization method can auto-tune a PID controller without a precise plant model. This is very advantageous when dealing with model and parameter uncertainties in real control application and practice. Experimental study confirms the reference model driven auto-tuning of the DC rotor prototype. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Combination of electromagnetic field and harris hawks optimization algorithms with optimization to optimization structure and its application for optimum power flow
(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2023) Akpamukcu, Mehmet; Ates, Abdullah; Akdag, Ozan
Electromagnetic Field Optimization (EFO) and Harris Hawk Optimization (HHO) algorithms are combined with the optimization to optimization (OtoO) approach, and the EFO-HHO algorithm pair is presented in this study. EFO method was used as the essential algorithm and HHO method was used as the auxiliary algorithm according to the OtoO structure. The constant parameters (R_rate, Ps_rate, P_field, N_field) of the EFO algorithm that affect the optimization performance are optimized with the HHO optimization algorithm for the related optimization problem. The proposed method was tested on 10 different benchmark functions according to different dimensional (30, 50100). The EFO-HHO algorithm pair can produce better results than the existing literature, especially in cases of increased dimension with the proposed approach. In addition to these, the OPF problem was tested on the IEEE 30 test bus system for the engineering application of the proposed method. The results are compared with the existing literature results. As it can be seen from the results, it has been shown on the real engineering problem that the optimization performance can be increased with the OtoO approach without changing the basic philosophy of the EFO algorithm.
Defining cost standard and new algorithm for economic leakage level components in water loss management
(Univ Estadual Maringa, Pro-Reitoria Pesquisa Pos-Graduacao, 2022) Yilmaz, Salih; Ates, Abdullah; Firat, Mahmut; Ozdemir, Ozgur
Methods and tools used to reduce leakage in distribution systems are often time consuming and costly and require special requirements. Therefore, cost-benefit analysis is very important for basic reduction methods applied in water loss management. In this study, cost and benefit analysis standards were developed for basic methods such as pressure management, number of teams, and pipe rehabilitation and active leakage control, in managing leakages. Moreover, a new cost algorithmic structure was developed and the economically recoverable water amount was determined by applying calculation tool developed to make detailed analyzes systematically and accurately. The most important advantage of this study is the development of an economic analysis model and algorithmic structure for basic reduction methods according to field data. It is thought that the cost analysis and algorithmic structures developed will make a significant contribution to the economic leakage level analysis and serve as a reference for sustainable water loss management.
DEFINING THE OPTIMUM PRESSURE FOR ACTIVE LEAKAGE CONTROL EFFICIENCY BY CONSIDERING ECONOMIC CRITERIA
(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2021) Yilmaz, Salih; Firat, Mahmut; Ates, Abdullah; Ozdemir, Ozgur
The main purpose of this study is to determine the optimum pressure level by considering the economic criteria in case of applying pressure management and acoustic listening method, which are the most basic leakage reduction methods. For this purpose, optimum pressure levels were determined in the pilot regions selected and benefits to be obtained were discussed. The useful flow rate for ALC application in 4 regions was obtained as zero (0). In these DMAs, it was observed that the benefit to be obtained by applying only pressure management in these regions is more than the benefit that can be obtained from applying acoustic listening and pressure management together. Due to low water production costs, determining an active reduction strategy in the region will have uneconomic consequences for the Administration. Therefore, if there is no shortage of water resources, it would be a more ideal strategy to apply PM for DMA4. The results obtained from this study will constitute a reference within the scope of determining the optimum pressure level that will provide maximum benefit economically in the network when PM and ALC methods are used together.
Detection of RR Interval Alterations in ECG Signals by Using First Order Fractional Filter
(Ieee, 2016) Alagoz, Baris Baykant; Yeroglu, Celaleddin; Kavuran, Gurkan; Ates, Abdullah
Sleep apnea syndrome deteriorates sleeping quality and daily performance of many individuals. This study presents utilization of fractional-order low pass filtering for the detection of RR interval alteration from electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. In the case of sleeping apnea, cardiac interbeat intervals prolong and it is viewed as an indication of obstructive sleep apnea state. The prolonged interbeat intervals manifest themselves as the decrease of R peak frequency (increase of RR intervals) in ECG signals. It results in shifting of spectral components composing R peaks towards lower frequencies in energy signal of ECG. In order to detect prolonging interbeat intervals, energy signal calculated from ECG is applied to low-pass fractional-order filter. Transition band of the low-pass filter is used as a ramp filter in order to detect frequency variations in the energy of R peaks. We compare results of the first order fractional-order and integer order low-pass filters and demonstrate that the fractional-order filter can improve the detection performance of low-pass filtering by modifying transition band slope of low-pass filters.
Determination of Economic Leakage Level with Optimization Algorithm in Water Distribution Systems
(World Scientific Publ Co Pte Ltd, 2021) Firat, Mahmut; Yilmaz, Salih; Ates, Abdullah; Ozdemir, Ozgur
It is necessary to set the most appropriate targets in water loss management (WLM) and to choose the most economically and technically suitable method to achieve these targets. The aim of this work is to define the level of economic leakage with the optimization algorithm in sustainable WLM, considering the system components, requirements and costs of the methods. For this purpose, a new model based on discrete stochastic optimization has been developed to determine the most appropriate values of the pressure level and the number of teams. After the system components were entered into the model, the optimal values of parameters were determined according to the problem-specific defined objective function. It was calculated that the pressure should be reduced from 40 m to 25.30 m, and the number of teams was 4 for the sample system. The Economic Leakage Level for the system was calculated as 145.85 m(3)/day in volume and 11.9% in percentage.
Determination of economic loss levels in water distribution systems with different network conditions by a district stochastic optimization algorithm
(Iwa Publishing, 2023) Yilmaz, Salih; Ates, Abdullah; Firat, Mahmut; Ozdemir, Ozgur; Cinal, Huseyin
Water losses in water distribution systems reach significant rates depending on the network characteristics. Various methods, which have initial investment and operating costs have been applied to reduce these losses. Therefore, appropriate and applicable methods should be preferred by considering the network characteristics. The aim of this study is to determine the economic loss level with an optimization algorithm for utilities with different network characteristics, water production, operating costs and institutional capacity. Three pilot utilities with different system characteristics and water loss components were selected as application areas. The non-revenue water rates are currently calculated as 57, 50 and 37%, respectively. The economic loss levels in the pilot utilities were calculated as 29, 16 and 23% with the optimization model. Moreover, the most appropriate methods to be applied according to the conditions of the utilities were determined in order to reach these defined economic loss levels. It is thought that the results obtained from this study will be a reference for the development of sustainable water loss management strategies and their implementation in the field.
Developing a management and operation model for water and wastewater components using the equilibrium optimization algorithm
(Iwa Publishing, 2024) Kilic, Selami; Ates, Abdullah; Firat, Mahmut; Yilmaz, Salih
A novel optimization model was developed using the equilibrium optimization algorithm to define the most appropriate management process according to the current state of urban water components in utilities. The basis of the optimization model is the current status analysis and management system, which consists of 11 main headings and 231 components. This model is applied for three utilities, and the results are presented in comparison with real-time data. Currently, the number of components with 0 or 1 score is 28, 19 and 69, respectively. The current average scores of the components in the utilities were obtained as 2.84, 3.43 and 2.48, respectively. Then, the improvement process of these components is optimized by the equilibrium optimization algorithm. The most appropriate targets were defined as 3.90, 4.15 and 3.71, respectively, with the optimization algorithm by considering the current scores in the utilities. The target scores for water supply, wastewater collection and treatment components are determined as 3.81, 4.05 and 3.84 for utility I; 4.03, 4.18 and 4.22 for utility II; and 3.51, 3.56 and 4.05 for utility III. The proposed model will be a reference for defining the most appropriate target and determining the management process.
Developing a model to evaluate current practice level of key data used in water loss management
(Pamukkale Univ, 2023) Bozkurt, Cansu; Firat, Mahmut; Ates, Abdullah
Various methods and processes are applied in order to manage losses in water distribution systems. In order to apply these methods and achieve the expected benefits, the basic data in the system should be measured and monitored regularly. In this study, a new model was developed to analyze and evaluate the current levels of basic data required for the sustainable execution of water loss management processes. For this, a total of 18 basic components covering water loss management were considered. A scoring structure has been developed to evaluate the current status and application level of these components. In this scoring structure, the components are scored gradually to define the current level of application. The developed model was applied to three water utilities and tested with real field data. The current situation, weaknesses and strengths of each administration are defined within the scope of basic data. Targets to be achieved gradually for each component were determined based on these analyzes. It is thought that this study will constitute a reference for decision makers and technical personnel in administrations, especially in water loss management.
Development and Implementation of a Novel Assessment System for Water Utilities in Strategic Water Loss Management
(Asce-Amer Soc Civil Engineers, 2023) Firat, Mahmut; Bozkurt, Cansu; Ates, Abdullah; Yilmaz, Salih; Ozdemir, Ozgur
Numerous methods and tools have been proposed to manage water losses in water distribution systems. These methods generally involve time-consuming and costly processes. Since the dynamic structure of each system is different, the applicability of the methods should be analyzed before applying the methods. In this study, a novel system is developed to analyze the current condition of utility and to assess the data quality and current implementation level of water loss management (WLM) practices. This system consists of a total of 144 WLM components under eight main categories. Pilot utilities are selected to test the feasibility of the developed model and analyze its behavior in the field. Weaknesses and strengths within the scope of WLM are defined separately for each utility. It was understood that the model developed takes into account the dynamic structure of each utility, is applicable in the field, and presents the current condition in a realistic way. It is thought that the developed model will create a reference, especially for practitioners and decision makers in the field, and will provide important benefits in the scope of WLM.
Development of a new comprehensive framework for the evaluation of leak management components and practices
(Iwa Publishing, 2022) Bozkurt, Cansu; Firat, Mahmut; Ates, Abdullah
Leaks cause significant operational problems in water distribution systems (WDSs). The methods for managing leaks are time-consuming and costly. Therefore, the suitability and applicability of water loss management (WLM) methods should be analyzed. In this study, a new comprehensive framework was proposed using the scoring table to evaluate and highlight the reliability of data and to analyze the current application level of leakage management practices in WDSs. The developed framework consists of 60 sub-components determined to cover the WLM practices. A scoring structure was created to analyze these sub-components in measurable criteria. The developed framework was applied to three pilot administrations, and the results were discussed. The data quality (quite good, good, doubtful, poor, and quite poor) is classified according to the application level of the leakage management practices. The data quality of leakage management components and the application levels of practices are at good level in Administrations I and II and at moderate level in Administration III. The weaknesses and strengths in administrations were defined in the scope of leakage management, and the components that need improvement are determined dynamically. This framework will provide more accurate data for sustainable leakage management in the administration and make field applications more systematic.
Development of current condition assessment and target definition model for water balance practices in sustainable water loss management
(Iwa Publishing, 2022) Bozkurt, Cansu; Firat, Mahmut; Yilmaz, Salih; Ates, Abdullah
In water distribution systems, water losses should be defined accurately and systematically. The water balance method is one of the most basic analyzes applied in water loss management. In this study, a new method was proposed to evaluate the data quality of water balance components and application levels of the water balance practices by considering a total of 27 components. The developed model was applied in 4 pilot water administrations. The weaknesses and strengths in water balance practices were determined by considering the scoring in accordance with the dynamic structure of each administration. The quality of basic data measurement components and application levels of water balance practices are at good level in Administrations II and IV, at poor level in Administration I, and at average level in Administration III. Moreover, quality of water balance analysis and performance monitoring practices are at good level in Administrations II and IV, at poor level in Administrations I and II. Thus the components that need improvement in each administration were identified and improvement process was suggested. It is thought that this model will make a significant contribution to the testing of current application levels of water loss management components for practitioners and decision makers.
DISTURBANCE REJECTION FOPID CONTROL OF ROTOR BY MULTI-OBJECTIVE BB-BC OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM
(Amer Soc Mechanical Engineers, 2017) Ates, Abdullah; Alagoz, Baris Baykant; Yeroglu, Celaleddin; Yuan, Jie; Chen, YangQuan
This paper presents a FOPID tuning method for disturbance reject control by using multi-objective BB-BC optimization algorithm. Proposed method allows multi-objective optimization of set-point performance and disturbance rejection performances of FOPID control system. The objective function to be minimized is composed of the weighted sum of MSE for set-point performance and RDR for disturbance rejection improvement. The proposed optimization performs maximization of RDR and minimization of MSE and it can deal with the tradeoff between RDR performance and step-point performance. Application of the method is shown for auto tuning of FOPID controller that is employed for control of TRMS model. We observed that low-frequency RDR indices can be used to improve disturbance rejection performance in multi-objective controller tuning problems. Particularly, for flight control application, disturbance reject control is very substantial to robust performance of propulsion systems.
Effects of the stochastic and deterministic movements in the optimization processes
(Gazi Univ, Fac Engineering Architecture, 2022) Seyyarer, Ebubekir; Karci, Ali; Ates, Abdullah
In this study, a linear function representing the iris data set is obtained by making use of the MLR model. SGD, Momentum, Adagrad, RMSProp, Adadelta and Adam optimization algorithms are used to find the optimum values of coefficients of this function. An initialization method with initial population is recommended for these coefficients, which are generally initialized with a fixed or random value in MLRs. IAE, ITAE, MSE and ISE error functions are used as objective functions in the MLR model used. Initial populations of the methods are developed by using a proposed deterministic and classical stochastic initialization methods between upper and lower bounds. The method that are initialized stochasticaly is run several times as seen in literature and the mean values are calculated. On the other hand, the application that is initialized deterministic is only run once. According to the results of deterministic and stochastic initialization methods, it is observed that the coefficients and iteration numbers obtained in both applications are close to each other. Despite very high temporal gain is achieved from the application that is initialized deterministic. As a result of the comparisons, the linear model obtained with Adadelta and MSE reaches the result in the shortest time.
Enhanced equilibrium optimization method with fractional order chaotic and application engineering
(Springer London Ltd, 2021) Ates, Abdullah
In this study, enhanced equilibrium optimization ((EO)-O-2) algorithm was proposed by developing stochastic processes in equilibrium optimization (EO) method with fractional order chaotic (FOC) system models. FOC model was firstly used in an optimization algorithm in this study. System responses of the fractional order chaotic models were used instead of random coefficients in the basic EO method. The performance of many fractional order chaotic system models was tested on benchmark functions. It was experimentally determined fractional order chaotic models of Genesio Tesi, Chua Memristor and cellular neural network which were convenient for the EO method. Model coefficients and initial conditions of corresponding fractional order chaotic models were obtained for benchmark functions to find suitable models for (EO)-O-2 algorithm. In order to present engineering application performance of the proposed (EO)-O-2 method, controller parameters were optimized for liquid level control that was decoupled two-input and two-output (TITO) tank system. Fractional and integer order PI and PID controllers' parameters were tuned according to the reference input signals for TITO tank system. Multi-objective function was defined with mean square error (MSE) definition as system's overall objective function. Proposed multi-objective function was minimized during to optimization process. (EO)-O-2 algorithm results were compared with each other and existing literature studies results. In this way, it was shown comparatively that usage of fractional order chaotic models in the proposed (EO)-O-2 algorithm affected optimization algorithm performance and produced better results.
An experimental investigation for error-cube PID control
(Sage Publications Ltd, 2015) Alagoz, Baris Baykant; Ates, Abdullah; Yeroglu, Celaleddin; Senol, Bilal
This experimental study investigates the practical benefits and drawbacks of error-cube control for closed-loop PID control structures. The error-cube control approach employs the cube power of the error signal for controllers and this causes variability in control characteristics due to the non-linearity of the cube power operation. The error-cube signal introduces attenuated and magnified error regions. These two characteristic error regions result in a tight control regime and a slack control regime, depending on magnitude of the error signal. The study presents a discussion on non-linear error signals in a practical aspect and demonstrates the effects of non-linear error signals on the step response of closed-loop PID control systems via simulation results and experimental measurements. An enhanced error-cube controller was proposed to improve the control performance of the error-cube control and results are discussed.
An Experimental Study on Model Reference Adaptive Control of TRMS by Error-Modified Fractional Order MIT Rule
(Romanian Soc Control Tech Informatics, 2017) Kavuran, Gurkan; Ates, Abdullah; Alagoz, Baris Baykant; Yeroglu, Celaleddin
Model Reference Adaptive Control (MRAC) strategies find application in flight control because of changes in dynamics of flight conditions. This paper demonstrates an application of Fractional Order Adjustment Rule MRAC (FOAR-MRAC) with the modification of model error dead zone for adaptive control of Twin Rotor Multi-input multi-output System (TRMS). Here, we implement FOAR-MRAC structure with feedforward and feedback MIT rules by using a fractional order integrator. Previously, Vinage et al. have reported that MIT with fractional order integrator can improve tracking performance of MRAC. In the current experimental study, we modified model approximation error by using a piecewise linear, near-zero dead zone function and manage stability of adaptation process in practical application. Accordingly, when the control system response approximates to response of reference model, adaptation process is interrupted. This modification improves quasi-stabilization of updating rule by omitting low level errors and contributes to applicability of MRAC in real applications. An adaptive PID rotor control system is developed by integating the proposed FOAR-MRAC structure. Simulation and experimental results, obtained for TRMS setup, are presented to show effectiveness of the proposed method.

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