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Öğe Analysis of Drilling Behaviour in Jute Fibres Reinforced Natural Composites(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2023) Ozdemir, Burak; Yardimeden, Ahmet; Bahce, Erkan; Kilickap, Erol; Emir, EnderIn the study, Natural jute composite materials, which have environmental advantages due to their easily degradable nature were drilled with different processing parameters and the effects of thrust force, vibration and temperature changes on hole quality were investigated. The effect of feed and spindle speed was statistically analyzed using ANOVA method. The thrust force, vibration and temperature factors that occur depending on the drilling parameters vary and affect the roughness and delamination values. The effect of feed and speed on thrust force was calculated as 97.87% and the feed effect (90.85%) is far greater than the speed (9.15%). The effect of drilling parameters on vibration is statistically insignificant due to the different spread behavior in the layers of the composite material (R2 = 0.2329). However, feed effect on vibration (94.6%) is greater than the speed effect (6.06%). The temperature is affected by 96.93% of the drilling parameters and the speed is 84.16% and the feed is 15.83%. The roughness effect depending on the drilling parameters is measured as 84.91%. The effect of speed on roughness (90.26%) is greater than the feed (9.73%). It has been determined that this situation is mostly related to vibration and temperature.Öğe ANALYZING THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT TOOL PATHS ON FORM ERRORS IN THE MILLING OF FREEFORM SURFACES(Yildiz Technical Univ, 2020) Bahce, Erkan; Ozdemir, BurakMachining of free-form surfaces is an important place in terms of design and performance in transportation, electronics and aeronautical industry. Problems such as form error and surface roughness were frequently encountered in the manufacture of these surfaces. For the solution of the problems, reprocessing is done, which causes time and resource loss. To eliminate these losses, the parts must be produced in the desired quality at one time. In order to find out the causes of form errors and to remove the adverse effects, the distribution on the surface must be determined correctly. Form errors should be examined in a way to cover the point, region and the whole part. In this study, a surface created with B-Spline curve has been processed with different tool paths. Surfaces were scanned in 3D and form errors were determined. Point, regional and whole parts are examined and the tool path that creates minimum form error is determined.Öğe Burr Measurement Method Based on Burr Surface Area(Korean Soc Precision Eng, 2021) Bahce, Erkan; Ozdemir, BurakOne of the major issues of drilling operations pertains to the formation of burrs, which greatly influences the accuracy of the manufactured parts, and, thus, the capability to meet the desired performance of the part. To remove or prevent these burrs, their geometry must be measured accurately, even though they are sharp and irregular in shape. The accurate measurement of the geometry of a burr will lead to the development of a proper deburring method. In this work, the authors describe a simple and convenient new measurement technique for drilling burr profiles and a developed drilling burr measurement system based on surface area. The new method presented in this research aims at providing a comparative evaluation of the height, arc length and area of the burr, as well as its geometrical characteristics. When the average height and arc length measurement methods are compared with the area measurement method, large deviations in burr height are detected. In particular, these deviations increase more in non-uniform burrs. In the measurement of burr size, the new developed method is based on area measurement and is carried out using a computer. Therefore, there is no deviation between the measurements. In contrast, the average deviation ranges for the height and arc length measurement methods are found to be 9.94-48.14% and 6.07-18.82%, respectively.Öğe CASE STUDY OF A DISTAL FEMUR TI6Al4V LOCKED COMPRESSION PLATE FAILURE SURFACE INVESTIGATION AND FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS(World Scientific Publ Co Pte Ltd, 2024) Can, Murat; Oymak, Mehmet Akif; Koluacik, Serdar; Bahce, Erkan; Uzunyol, Omer FarukIn this study, the failure of locking compression plates (LCP) used in the treatment of bone fractures resulting from falls in orthopedic patients at Malatya Training and Research Hospital was investigated. The researchers examined the fracture surface of the failed Ti6Al4V LCP using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) images. The fracture pattern of the plate caused by the fall was replicated in a computer-aided design (CAD) model, obtained through three-dimensional (3D) scanning. Additionally, a CAD model of the femur bone was created using magnetic resonance (MR) images. The assembled images of the replicated fracture and the femur bone were used to simulate the application of locked and unlocked compression screws. Considering the weight-bearing load on a human femur, a linear load of 1200 N and 300 N iliopsoas 300 N abductor 600 N hip contact and 70 N tensor fascia latea walking loads had been applied using finite element analysis (FEA). The researchers analyzed the total deformations, von Mises stress, and principal stresses of the plate. When FEA was conducted with walking and body forces applied, it was observed that the walking forces resulted in a 20% higher von Mises stress and a 22.5% greater total deformation 15% low cycle fatigue compared to the body force. During the analysis with walking forces applied, it was noticed that the maximum von Mises stresses on the LCP and the point where fatigue initiation began coincided with the fracture site of the LCP in the patient's body. However, this observation was in contrast to the analysis with body loads applied.Öğe Determination of tool deflection in drilling by image processing(Inst Engineering Technology-Iet, 2019) Bahce, Erkan; Ozdemir, BurakIt is known that parameters such as the feed rate and the spindle speed affect the hole quality during the drilling of aluminium and its alloys. In particular, deflection occurs as a result of the increase or decrease of the reverse forces acting on the tool as a result of changing the parameter values. The tool deflection causes deviations in the hole geometry. This requires the initial detection of the deflection on the tool and then the most appropriate updating of the drilling parameters. At the present time, force-based estimation and inductive or laser sensor detection methods are used for the detection of tool deflection. These methods are useless because they require expensive measurement systems and continuous fine-tuning. This study aimed to calculate the tool deflection that occurs during the drilling of AL 7075 material using an image processing technique. In the experiments using different drilling parameters, the tool deflection was calculated and the effects of the parameters on tool deflection were investigated. As a result, it is shown that the tool deflection can be detected quickly and simply by image processing. In addition, the effects of the processing parameters on the tool deflection are discussed.Öğe Effect of Octet-Truss Lattice Transition Geometries on Mechanical Properties(Springer, 2021) Emir, Ender; Bahce, Erkan; Uysal, AlperAdditive manufacturing (AM) enables the production of lattice structures with unique properties using different production techniques. In this way, it is possible to obtain the desired mechanical properties by using different production parameters and lattice geometries. In this study, the load behaviors of the octet-truss lattice structure produced by fused deposition modeling (FDM) method with different transition geometries were investigated. Compression tests were carried out on lattice structures and also finite element method (FEM) was performed to determine the stress distributions and deformations. According to the results, it was observed that the transition geometry is an important parameter on the deformation patterns and stress distributions. In the lattice structure without transition geometry, plastic deformation occurred at low-stress values while the transition geometries exhibited plastic deformation at high-stress values. In addition, the effects of the transition geometries on the deformation types were observed. The deformation area on the samples having straight and inclined-transition geometries affected less area than the sample without transition geometry. It was found out that the stretch-dominated deformation type, which significantly affects the strength of the lattice structures subjected to load, was formed in all lattice structures.Öğe The effects of HAp coating layer on mechanical and optical properties at bonding interface of high-performance polymers(Elsevier, 2023) Demirci, Fatih; Bahce, ErkanPurpose: The effect of hydroxyapatite (HAp) coating layer on mechanical and optical properties at bonding interface of high-performance polymers (HPPs) used in computer-aided design (CAD)/computer-aided manufacture (CAM) technology was investigated in this in vitro study. Materials and methods: Two hundred-twenty specimens were divided into two material groups (n = 110): polyetheretherketone (PEEK, KERA (R) starPEEK) and polyetherketoneketone (PEKK, Pekkton (R) ivory). For mechanical testing, each group was divided into five surface pretreatment subgroups and a control group (n = 10): HAp coating (1%,3%, 5%, and 10% concentrations) and sandblasting with 110-mu m Al2O3 particles. For optical testing, each group was divided into five subgroups (n = 10): HAp coating (1%, 3%, 5%, and 10% concentrations) and control. The effects of the HAp coating on the optical changes and shear bond strength (SBS) of the specimens were investigated. Data was statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test. Failure modes and surface properties of the specimens were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and coupled electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Results: Average translucency and color change values increased with increasing HAp coating concentration in HPPs. As a result of the data, statistically significant differences were observed in terms of the effect of the HAp coating on SBS of HPPs (p < 0.05). Failure modes were examined, and mixed failure mode was observed. Conclusion: HAp coating can contribute to the improvement of both the optical properties and bond strength of the HPPs to resin composite. Clinical significance: Adhesion and color problems of high performance polymers are still under discussion. In order to solve these problems, generally focused on surface modifications of these polymers, but the effect of the HAp coating has not been investigated.Öğe Electrochemical Corrosion and Metal Ion Release Protective Efficiency of the Multilayer TaN Coatings on CoCrMo Biomedical Alloy(Kaunas Univ Tech, 2021) Aslan, Ali Kemal; Bahce, Erkan; Guler, Mehmet SamiCoCrMo alloy is widely used in artificial orthopedic joint applications due to its high mechanical properties. But, high levels of the metal ion release from alloy surfaces cause variable toxic and allergic effects on the patient in vivo use. This case restricts the lifetime of the implant and results in the failure of the artificial joint. In order to enhance the corrosion resistance and to decrease the metal ion release, alloy surface was multilayer-coated by closed field unbalanced magnetron system. The protective efficiency of the coatings was determined by potentiodynamic polarization tests and static immersion tests were performed for 45, 60 and 90 days in the simulated body fluid in order to understand the effect of the coatings on the metal ion release. The metal ion concentrations in the simulated body fluids were determined by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry device. The electrochemical corrosion results showed that the multilayer coatings provided 93 % protective efficiency in terms of corrosion resistance. Multilayer coatings decreased the metal ions release levels significantly, especially Co leaking was decreased approximately 52 times compared to uncoated samples.Öğe Evaluation of the accuracy of dental casts manufactured with 3D printing technique in the All-on-4 treatment concept(Korean Acad Prosthodontics, 2022) Tas, Hilin; Demirci, Fatih; Tuzlali, Mesut; Bahce, Erkan; Avcu, Guler YildirimPURPOSE. The aim of this study is to compare the casts obtained by using conventional techniques and liquid crystal display (LCD) three-dimensional (3D) print techniques in the All-on-4 treatment concept of the edentulous mandibular jaw. MATERIALS AND METHODS. In this study, a completely edentulous mandibular acrylic cast (typodont) with bone-level implants placed with the All -on-4 technique served as a reference cast. In this typodont, impressions were taken with the conventional technique and dental stone casts were obtained. In addition, after scanning the acrylic cast in a dental laboratory scanner and obtaining the Standard Tessellation Language (STL) data, 3D printed casts were manufactured with a 3D printing device based on the design. The stone and 3D printed casts were scanned in the laboratory scanner and STL data were obtained, and then the interimplant distances were measured using Geomagic Control X v2020 (3D Systems, Rock Hill, SC, USA) analysis software (n = 60). The obtained data were statistically evaluated with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's pairwise comparison tests. RESULTS. As a result of the one-way ANOVA test, it was determined that the stone casts, 3D printed casts, and reference cast values in all distance intervals conformed to the normal distribution and these values had a significant difference among them in all distance intervals. In Tukey pairwise comparison test, significant differences were found between casts at all distance intervals. In all analyses, the level of significance was determined as .05. CONCLUSION. 3D printed casts obtained with a 3D LCD printing device can be an alternative to stone casts when implants are placed in edentulous jaws. [J Adv Prosthodont 2022;14:379-87]Öğe Experimental and numerical study on micro-milling of CoCrW alloy produced by selective laser melting and casting(Sage Publications Ltd, 2024) Oymak, Mehmet Akif; Bahce, Erkan; Gezer, IbrahimCoCrW can be produced using Additive Manufacturing (AM), while casting methods are commonly used for applications such as dental prostheses. However, rapid heating and cooling during AM production can lead to internal defects, micro-cracks, and shrinkage. Micro-milling can help enhance the material's structure and impart micro-scale properties. This study aimed to investigate the micro-milling properties of CoCrW products manufactured using AM and compare them with materials produced by casting. Numerical models and experimental studies were conducted to examine the differences. Results showed that CoCr alloys produced with AM exhibited 25%-30% lower burr formations, while CoCrW produced by casting had 2%-5% lower surface roughness. Micro-milling experiments demonstrated that a feed rate of 2.5 mu m/tooth resulted in 35%-40% more burr formation and surface roughness compared to a feed rate of 5 mu m/tooth in both SLM and casting methods, attributed to the cutting edge radius. The cutting temperature and top burr height were analyzed using finite element simulations and experimental methods. It was observed that the maximum temperature in CoCrW produced by casting was 6%-15% higher than that in the SLM method. The finite element analyses and experiments revealed a difference of 4%-7% in maximum temperatures and top burr height.Öğe Experimental Investigation of Delamination Formed by Bone Drilling(Univ Osijek, Tech Fac, 2020) Koluacik, Serdar; Can, Murat; Bahce, ErkanBone drilling is a common method for fixing implants used in bone fractures. Because of the fibre-reinforced composite structure of bone, parameters such as feed rate, spindle speed and drill type affect the hole surface quality. After drilling, the quality of the bore surface, burr formation and delamination at the hole entrance and exit affect the ability of the screw to cause implant failure and fusion problems of the fracture. For this reason, it is very important to conduct drilling with optimum speed and feedrate values. In this study, the effects of processing parameters on hole surface quality and delamination were studied experimentally. In the experiment, bovine bone, which has similar structural properties to human bone, was used. The hole surface quality and delamination formed at the exit of the hole were examined for three different feed rates and spindle speeds. As a result of the experiments, it was seen that the feed rate had more effect on both delamination and hole surface quality than the spindle speed. It was also determined that the cortical part of the bone and the cancellous part of the bone affected the production of heat and drill wear differently.Öğe Finite element analysis of lattice designed lumbar interbody cage based on the additive manufacturing(Sage Publications Ltd, 2023) Bozyigit, Bulent; Oymak, Mehmet Akif; Bahce, Erkan; Uzunyol, Omer FarukAdditive manufacturing (AM) methods, which facilitate the production of complex structures with different geometries, have been used in producing interbody cages in recent years. In this study, the effects of Ti6Al4V alloy interbody lattice designed fusion cages between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae where degenerative disc diseases occur were investigated using the finite element method. Face centered cubic (FCC), body centered cubic (BCC), and diamond structures were selected as the lattice structure suitable for the interbody cage. A kidney shaped interbody lumbar cage was designed. The designated lattice structures were selected by adjusting the cell sizes suitable for the designed geometry, and the mesh configuration was made by the lumbar lattice structure. 400N Axial force and 7.5 N.m moments were applied to the spine according to lateral bending, flexion, and torsion. 400N axial force and 7.5 N.m flexion moment is shown high strain and total deformation then lateral bending and torsion on BCC FCC and diamond lattice structured interbody cages. In addition, the effects of lattice structures under high compression forces were investigated by applying 1000N force to the lattice structures. When von Mises stresses were examined, lower von Mises stress and strains were observed in the BCC structure. However, a lower total deformation was observed in the FCC. Due to the design of the BCC and the diamond structure, it is assumed that bone implant adhesion will increase. In the finite element analysis (FEA), the best results were shown in BCC structures.Öğe Influence of a stepped feed rate on burr formation when drilling Al-5005(Walter De Gruyter Gmbh, 2018) Bahce, Erkan; Ozel, CihanIn this study, the technique of drilling at stepped feed rate is suggested as a new method for reducing the burr size at the exit of a hole in Al-5005, without prolonging the drilling time. The hole was divided into two regions, which were drilled at different feed rates. As a reference for comparison analysis, Al-5005 was drilled at constant drilling parameters. The smallest burr size with constant drilling parameters was obtained at 140 degrees point angle, 0.1 mm x rev(-1) feed rate, and 400 rpm spindle speed. The parameters that mainly effect the burr size were determined to be point angle, feed rate and the spindle speed, respectively. The same material was drilled employing the method of stepped feed rate, where the first region of the hole was drilled at 140 degrees point angle, feed rates of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mm x rev(-1) , and spindle speeds of 400, 800, and 1200 rpm. The second region was drilled with a feed rate that was automatically adjusted by the CNC machine to be one tenth of the feed rate in the first region, without removing the drill bit from the hole. It was observed that, using the stepped feed rate method, the burr height and burr thickness were diminished by 35 % and 25 %, respectively, compared to constant drilling parameters.Öğe Investigating MoP bearing wear behavior in a hip simulator with muscular properties(Ice Publishing, 2021) Bahce, Erkan; Karaman, DeryaMetal-on-polyethylene (MoP) hip replacements with a CoCrMo alloy femoral head and an ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) acetabular cup are strongly preferred due to their high clinical success. Despite this success, the wear of the bearing surfaces that causes a reduction in the prosthetic use of joint prostheses is still a baffling problem that cannot be solved. Although much research has been done on the tribological behavior of UHMWPE, there are a limited number of studies on the UHMWPE wear mechanism of all components in a hip prosthesis. This study aimed to determine the effect of all components of a total hip prosthesis on the wear behavior of UHMWPE according to three different gait cycles. The wear tests performed at the hip simulator were performed with reference to the hip joint movements and a maximum of 3000 N loads specified in ISO 14242-1. In addition to the abrasive and fatigue wear types of UHMWPE undercoat cups. It was observed that the third-body wear type, which was buried on the surface of polyethylene bearing Ti6Al4V alloy, occurred after 5 million cycles. As a result, according to wear test based on friction elements, it was determined that all hip prosthetic components play an active role in polyethylene wear due to repetitive movement and loading. Moreover, it was concluded that the wear model presented by finite-element analysis can predict the formation of wear in hip prostheses in a reasonable manner.Öğe Investigation of Surface Quality of CoCrMo Alloy Used in the Tibial Component of the Knee Prosthesis According to the Methods of Turning and Turning-Grinding(Kaunas Univ Tech, 2020) Bahce, Erkan; Guler, Mehmet Sami; Emir, EnderCoCrMo alloys, which are well-known Co-based biomedical alloys, have many different types of surface integrity problems reported in literature. Residual stresses, white layer formation and work hardening layers are some those, matters which occur as a microstructural alteration during machining. Therefore, such problems should be solved and surface quality of end products should be improved. In this paper, the surface quality of CoCrMo alloy used in tibial component of the knee prosthesis produced by means of turning was investigated. An improvement was suggested and discussed for the improvement in their machinability with the developed turning-grinding method. Finite element analyses were also carried out to calculate temperature and thermal stresses distribution between the tool and the tibial component. The results showed that many parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut, tool geometry, and tool wear affect the surface quality of workpieces of CoCrMo alloy. In the turning-grinding method, the machining time is reduced by about six times compared to machining only method. The EDX analysis performed on the surface after machining showed that metal diffusion occurred from tool to the tibial component.Öğe Investigation of the Lattice Production of Removable Dental Prostheses with CoCr Alloy Using Additive Manufacturing(Springer, 2021) Tatar, Numan; Tuzlah, Mesut; Bahce, ErkanRemovable dentures (RDs) are mostly used to replace missing teeth, increase patients' oral function, esthetic, and phonetics, and restore lost residual ridge, for the maintenance of oral health. The main reasons often preferred for RDs are a cleaning, cost-effective manner, and popular treatment option for edentulous or partially edentulous patients. Unfortunately, the fracture of RDs is a common complication which occurs frequently as a result of fatigue failure by strong masticatory forces and also accidental damage. This causes concerns for patients in terms of stress, cost, and embarrassment. Therefore, a variable number of approaches to prevent the incidence of fracture have been used including the strengthening of acrylic resin and reinforcing the base of dentures. To enhance the fracture resistance and dimensional stability, metal bases and frameworks have been frequently incorporated into the dentures. However, the design of these frameworks is challenging and so requires experience for minimizing potential inaccuracy. In the current study, considering the developments in additive manufacturing technology, metal bases and frameworks were produced in lattice according to nine different unit cell models, compared with the traditional method by destructive and non-destructive experiments. According to the current data, vertical struts in lattice structures are significant in terms of tensile strength. Thus, it is important to choose the unit cell to be used for metal bases and frameworks in RDs. In addition, pores did not have a significant effect on tension resistance, but micro-cracks had a significant effect on lattice structures. The RDs produced with body diagonals with nodes from lattice structures resulted in an average of 160% more resistance to stretching than the RDs produced by the traditional casting method, in a similar density.Öğe Investigation of the mechanical properties triple periodic minimal surfaces lattice structures with functional graded of porosity(Sage Publications Ltd, 2023) Emir, Ender; Bahce, ErkanIn recent years, triple periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) have attracted attention in many applications such as biomaterials, aerospace, defense industry etc. lightweight components with high strength and functionally graded material (FGM). In particular, the mechanical properties and deformation behavior of these structures under load should be examined. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the manufacturability and mechanical performance of fixed pore size and functional graded porosity (FGP) lattice structures produced by fused deposition modelling (FDM) method. TPMS primitive and gyroid lattice structures designed in the dimensions of 20 x 20 x 20 mm with fixed 20% pore size and functional graded (FG) from 20% to 40% pore size were used in the experiments. In order to reveal the effects of pore size on mechanical performance, uniaxial compression tests were carried out. In addition, for the validation of the experimental results, compression tests with the finite element method (FEM) were simulated for each sample. In the two different pore size changes tested in the study, the gyroid lattice structure showed the highest mechanical performance compared to the primitive lattice structure. In addition, the FEM results were in good agreement with the experimental results.Öğe Investigation of thermal damage in bone drilling: Hybrid processing method and pathological evaluation of existing methods(Elsevier, 2022) Can, Murat; Koluacik, Serdar; Bahce, Erkan; Gokce, Hasan; Tecellioglu, Fahriye SecilIn this study, a hybrid processing method using saline and cryogen cooler is proposed to keep the temperature below the threshold level during bone drilling. Drilling experiments were performed dry, saline, cryogen and, hybrid (saline + cryogen). At the end of the experiment, tool wear, the effect of the methods on the temperature, and the pathological evaluation of the thermal damage were investigated. The advantageous methods for bone drilling were proposed as a hybrid, saline, cryogenic and dry machining, respectively. In addition, it was observed that when cryogen was applied directly to the cutting area, it caused damage to the cell wall structure by the formation of ice crystals in the bone matrix. For this reason, it was recommended to be applied to the body of the cutting tool and it was found that cryogen flow rate has a significant effect on tool wear.Öğe Investigation of wear of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene in a soft tissue behaviour knee joint prosthesis wear test simulator(Elsevier, 2019) Bahce, Erkan; Emir, EnderKnee joint prostheses are commonly employed for therapy in over-use disorder, and as a result of traffic accident and sports injuries. However, errors that can occur due to their use need to be defined. In order to determine the types and rates of wear that might occur in prosthetic components, wear tests were performed in knee joint simulators that mimiced knee joint motion. In this study, the wear was specifically examined in ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) insert material in the four-axis knee joint prosthesis wear test simulator, and the causes for it were examined. Wear tests were performed for 3 different cycles, 1 x 10(6), 2 x 10(6) and 3 x 10(6). Following wear tests, microscopic images, and mass loss and surface roughness measurements were taken from the UHMWPE insert condyle surface. With an increase in the number of cycles, pitting wear, scratches, agglomerated particles and delamination were seen more clearly on the UHMWPE material surface, due to repetitive forces on different axes. In addition, surface roughness measurements taken from worn surfaces increased the with the number of cycles, and flexion/extension (F/E) motion range increased with surface roughness. Wear rates in the medial region of the UHMWPE insert were higher than in the lateral region. (C) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.Öğe Low Dielectric Constant Polyimide-Zirconium Nanocomposites with Improved Thermal Properties(Taylor & Francis As, 2008) Seckin, Turgay; Koytepe, Suleyman; Kivilcim, Niluefer; Bahce, Erkan; Adiguzel, IbrahimLow-dielectric-constant (kappa) polyimide films with thermal integrity and controllable mechanical strength have been prepared by covalently bonding zirconium complex with lysine to the main chains of polyimide. The presence of chemical bonds between polyimide (PI) and zirconium has great effect on the properties of polyimide films, especially on their thermal and dielectric properties. The dielectric constants of the resultant nanocomposites are lower due to the increased free volume and fewer polar Zr-O-Zr groups, and can be tuned by varying the molar ratio of zirconium(IV) propoxide, Zr(OPr)(4), in the feed. The possibility of obtaining the kinetic parameters of a reaction from a heating rate dependence of DTA peak location, as well as the merits of different peak methods, were also discussed. The composition, particle sizes, and morphological effect of the Zirconium on nanoparticles were determined by the energy dispersive analysis of X-ray (EDAX), and scanning electron micrographs (SEM).
