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    Evaluation of emm gene types toxin gene profiles and clonal relatedness of group A streptococci
    (Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 2013) Mengeloğlu, Fırat Zafer; Aktaş, Elif; Otlu, Barış; Cömert, Füsun; Külah, Canan; Taş, Ebru; Sümbüloğlu, Vildan
    Th e aim of this study is to evaluate antibiotic susceptibilities, emm gene types, toxin gene profi les and clonal relatedness of group A streptococci (GAS) isolates obtained from patients and carriers. A total of  clinical isolates from patients and  isolates from carriers were included in the study. Emm typing, toxin gene detection for speA, speB, speC, speG and smeZ genes and pulsed-fi eld gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was performed. Twenty-one distinct emm types were detected; the most common types were emm, emm, emm, emm, emm and emm. Th e detection rates of both emm types and the toxin genes didn’t diff er signifi cantly between patients and carriers. Th e presence of speA and smeZ was signifi cantly higher in emm and speG was signifi cantly lower in emm when compared to the other emm types. Th e rate of clustering obtained with PFGE wasn’t signifi cantly diff erent in patients and carriers. As a result, twelve of the  emm types detected in this study were covered by the -valent vaccine, constituting . of the emm typeable isolates; however the emm type which is one of the most common types in the present study is not among this coverage.
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    Evaluation of the Carbapenem Inactivation Method for Detection of Carbapenemase Producing Gram Negative Bacteria in Comparison with the RAPIDEC CARBA NP
    (Microbial Drug Resistance, 2016) Aktaş, Elif; Malkoçoğlu, Gülşah; Otlu, Barış; Çopur Çiçek, Ayşegül; Külah, Canan; Cömert, Füsun; Sandallı, Cemal; Gürsoy, Nafia Canan; Erdemir, Duygu; Bulut, Mehmet Emin
    Timely detection of carbapenemases by both phenotypic and genotypic methods is essential for developing strategies to control the spread of infections by carbapenem-resistant isolates and related morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of a commercial kit, the RAPIDEC® CARBA NP, and an in-house technique, the carbapenem inactivation method (CIM), against a panel of 136 carbapenemase- and noncarbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. RAPIDEC CARBA NP displayed 99% sensitivity and 100% specificity, whereas the sensitivity and specificity were 78% and 100% for the CIM test, respectively. A slight modification of the CIM test, a prolonged incubation time of 4 hours instead of two, increased the sensitivity of the test to 90% by diminishing false negativity particularly for A. baumannii. In conclusion, both tests possess a high performance and are practical for the detection of carbapenemases. Although RAPIDEC CARBA NP is a more rapid and reliable method, the CIM test may represent a useful tool for microbiology laboratories due to its simplicity and availability at any laboratory with low cost.