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Comparative assessment of ZIF-based electrochemical sensors for Cabotegravir detection in environmental, biological, and pharmaceutical samples
(Elsevier, 2025) Genc, Asena Ayse; Bugday, Nesrin; Bouali, Wiem; Erk, Nevin; Naser, Marwah; Duygulu, Ozgur; Yasar, Sedat
The analysis of biological and environmental samples for drug quantification is a significant task in drug discovery. This study presents a comparative electrochemical evaluation of Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks (ZIF11 and ZIF-12) for the sensitive detection of Cabotegravir in environmental, biological, and pharmaceutical samples. Electrochemical sensors were developed using ZIF-11 and ZIF-12-modified glassy carbon electrodes (GCE), demonstrating enhanced electrocatalytic activity toward CAB oxidation. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) confirmed that ZIF-12/GCE exhibited a lower peak separation potential and reduced charge transfer resistance compared to ZIF-11/GCE and bare GCE, attributing the superior electron transfer kinetics to the Co metal center in ZIF-12. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) allowed for the quantification of CAB over a wide linear range (0.04 - 10.3 mu M) with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 1.15 nM. The sensors were successfully applied for CAB determination in real samples, including human serum, urine, pharmaceutical formulations, and environmental water (lake and tap water), demonstrating excellent accuracy, repeatability, and selectivity against common interferents. These findings establish ZIF-12/GCE as a promising electrochemical platform for CAB detection across diverse sample matrices, with potential applications in environmental monitoring and pharmaceutical analysis.
Development of a MOF-based electrochemical sensor for trace detection of cannabidiol in biological, environmental, and plant-derived samples
(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2025) Bouali, Mariem; Bugday, Nesrin; Bouali, Wiem; Erk, Nevin; Duygulu, Ozgur; Demirdogen, Ruken Esra; Cengiz, Mehmet Fatih
The accurate determination of cannabidiol (CBD) is of growing importance due to its expanding therapeutic applications, legal regulation requirements, and the need for reliable quality control in biological, environmental, and plant-derived products. In this study, a novel electrochemical sensor based on a MOF-808-modified glassy carbon electrode (MOF-808/GCE) was developed for the sensitive and selective detection of cannabidiol (CBD). The sensor leveraged the high surface area and active sites of MOF-808, which incorporates six monotopic formate ligands, to enhance electrochemical performance. Using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), the sensor demonstrated a wide linear range (0.02-5.0 mu M), excellent correlation (R2 = 0.997), and a low detection limit of 0.005 mu M. The modified electrode exhibited outstanding repeatability (RSD = 2.0 %) and reproducibility (RSD = 1.4 %). Interference studies confirmed high selectivity against common electroactive species. The sensor was successfully applied to determine CBD in complex real-world matrices, including human plasma, urine, lake and tap water, and Cannabis sativa extracts, with recoveries ranging from 98.38 % to 102.4 %. These results establish the MOF-808/GCE sensor as a robust and efficient tool for trace-level CBD analysis in biological, environmental, and plant-based samples.
Engineering hemp-derived carbon-cobalt chalcogenide hybrids toward durable and high-capacity sodium-ion batteries
(Royal Soc Chemistry, 2026) Bugday, Nesrin; Sahan, Ozgenur Dincer; Duygulu, Ozgur; Karadag, Ahmet; Yasar, Sedat
Biomass carbons (BCs) have emerged as a favored anode material for different types of batteries owing to their cost-effectiveness and environmental sustainability. However, their performance at elevated current densities is suboptimal, necessitating the development of BCs combined with other components that possess high theoretical capacities. Herein, we embedded Co9S8 and CoSe2/Co3Se4 nanoparticles onto porous carbon derived from stem fiber of the hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) plant template using an in situ growth method. This strategy reduces the dissolution of Co9S8 and CoSe2/Co3Se4 in the electrolyte, thereby preventing capacity loss, and heteroatom-containing carbon functionalities enhance interfacial interaction with cobalt chalcogenides and contribute to improved electrochemical stability. The synthesized Co9S8@C-CAN electrode, used as a sodium-ion battery (SIB) anode, demonstrates high reversible capacity and stable cycling behavior. Co9S8@C-CAN retains a capacity of 608 mA h g-1 after 250 cycles, even at a high current density of 2.0 A g-1, with a high cycle stability. This study presents a method for synthesizing hybrid materials by integrating BC with metal sulfides or metal selenides, introducing a novel strategy for the fabrication of SIB anodes.
Hard carbon-encapsulated cobalt chalcogenides derived from waste apricot seed testa biomass: High performance anode electrode materials for Na-ion storage
(Elsevier, 2025) Bugday, Nesrin; Onal, Yunus; Duygulu, Ozgur; Deng, Wentao; Ji, Xiaobo; Yasar, Sedat
Anode materials are crucial in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), and the advancement of low-cost, high-capacity, and cycle-stable anode materials is a primary objective in the progression of sodium-ion batteries. Carbon, derived from biomass has emerged as a prominent anode material for energy storage devices, attributed to its costeffectiveness and environmental sustainability. Given their limited capacities at elevated current densities, it is essential to create biomass-derived composites incorporating other components with high theoretical capacities. This study successfully embeds Co3O4, Co9S8, and Co3Se4 cobalt chalcogenide nanoparticles onto hard carbon derived from the biomass of waste apricot seed testa (WAST). Hard carbon coating reduces or inhibits the dissolution of Co3O4, Co9S8, and Co3Se4 cobalt chalcogenides in the electrolyte, thereby preventing capacity loss. The synthesized Co3O4@HC-WAST, Co9S8@HC-WAST, and Co3Se4@HC-WAST electrodes demonstrate excellent cycling stability and rate performance when test as sodium-ion battery anodes. The capacity of the best anode material, Co3Se4@HC-WAST, is maintained at 307.8 mAh g- 1 (5 A g- 1) after 750 cycles with 99 % Coulombic efficiency. This study outlines a method for the preparation and comparison of the electrochemical performance of composite hybrid materials comprising hard carbon and cobalt chalcogenides.
Interfacial Evaluation in ZnO-Coated NaxMn0.5Fe0.5O2 Cathodes and Hard Carbon Anodes Induced by Sodium Azide: Operando EIS and Structural Insights
(Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2025) Whba, Rawdah; Dogan, Ebru; Duygulu, Ozgur; Alanazi, Abdullah K.; Arshad, Muhammad; Stoyanova, Radostina; Koleva, Violeta
This article explores the synthesis and electrochemical properties of NaxMn0.5Fe0.5O2 powders, prepared via a conventional solid-state reaction. Subsequently, the powders are functionalized with a ZnO protective coating through a wet-chemical approach employing zinc acetate in ethanol. Structural characterization confirmed that the ZnO layer maintained the P2-type (P6 3 /mmc) structure, while energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry mapping verified the successful coating. Electrochemical analyses, including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry, revealed that although the redox reaction mechanism remained unchanged, the charge-transfer resistance (R ct) depended on the coating thickness. ZnO-coated NMFO electrodes exhibited initial discharge capacities of 159.3, 153.6, and 124.8 mAh g- 1 with respective capacity retentions of 48.9%, 41.9%, and 52.0% after 100 cycles for ZnO contents of 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 wt.%. The galvanostatic intermittent titration technique results indicated that the diffusion coefficients varied with the coating conditions. Operando EIS from 1.5 to 4.3 V showed stable bulk resistance (R b) but voltage-dependent variations in solid electrolyte interface resistance (R SEI) and R ct. Additionally, sodium azide is used to presodiate the hard carbon (HC) anode to enhance the full-cell performance. The ZnO-coated cathode paired with NaN3 presodiated HC delivered a capacity of over 120 mAh g- 1 at C/10. Ex situ analysis after 500 cycles confirmed structural stability, demonstrating that ZnO coating and NaN3 presodiation collectively improve sodium-ion battery performance.
Magnetic Cu/Co nanoparticles supported on nitrogen-doped porous carbon derived from Cu/Co@aZIF: Investigation of catalytic activity and structural properties
(Wiley, 2023) Bugday, Nesrin; Yasar, Sedat; Altin, Serdar; Duygulu, Ozgur; Onal, Yunus
By calcining copper-doped amorphous zeolitic imidazolate framework (Cu/Co@aZIF), a novel magnetic nanoporous carbon composite (Cu/Co@NPC) material was produced, characterized by different spectroscopic techniques, and used for the first time as an efficient catalyst for the azide-alkyne cycloaddition (AAC) reaction and the reduction reaction of nitrophenol (RRN) under air in water. With this catalyst, the AAC and RRN reactions were conducted in aqueous solutions, and good to excellent yields of related products were synthesized in a short reaction time. The potential of the magnetic Cu/Co@NPC nanocatalyst for targeting RRN and AAC reactions was uncovered by studying specific substrates for RRN and AAC reactions. The Cu/Co@NPC magnetic nanocatalyst is recyclable at least five times, with just a drop of 6% and 22% in catalytic efficiency in RRN and AAC, respectively.
MOF-derived SnSe/carbon composite anode materials for Li-ion and Na-ion batteries
(Nonferrous Metals Soc China, 2025) Bugday, Nesrin; Deng, Wentao; Duygulu, Ozgur; Zou, Guoqiang; Hou, Hongshuai; Ji, Xiaobo; Yasar, Sedat
Metal selenides (MSs) are attracted considerable interest as potential anode electrode materials for Li-ion/Na-ion batteries (LIBs/SIBs) owing to their elevated theoretical capacity and superior conductivity. Nevertheless, their potential is constrained by inadequate capacity retention and inferior longevity, principally due to volumetric expansion and undesirable structural failure caused by the insertion and extraction of comparatively large Li+/Na+ ions during charging and discharging. Therefore, three different composites containing SnSe and one more metal selenide are synthesized using metal-organic framework (MOF) to enhance the accommodation of Li/Na ions and provide adequate ion routes. The Co3Se4/SnSe@NPC material demonstrates exceptional cyclic stability and rate capability as anode material for LIBs and SIBs (603 mAh g-1 after 1000 cycles at 2 A g-1 (for LIBs) and 296 mAh g-1 after 1000 cycles at 2 A g-1 (for SIBs)). This electrochemical performance enhancement may be attributed to the improved conductivity of the composite structure and introduction of SnSe, which facilitates the transfer of electrons within the structure. In addition, selenium- and nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon architectures facilitate electrolyte penetration in active materials, enhance contact area, promote effective diffusion of Li+ or Na+ within the composite, and mitigate volume expansion during the charge-discharge cycle. Consequently, the Co3Se4/SnSe@NPC composite offers a novel perspective on the advancement of anode materials for LIBs and SIBs. (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (MSs)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)/(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (LIBs/SIBs)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)Li+/Na+(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)/(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)-(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (MOF)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)SnSe (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)Li/Na (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic), Co3Se4/SnSe@NPC (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)LIBs (sic)SIBs (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)((sic)2 A g-1 (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),LIBs (sic)(sic)1000 (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)603 mAh g-1;SIBs (sic)(sic)1000 (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)296 mAh g-1).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)SnSe (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic),(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic) Li+/Na+(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic), Co3Se4/SnSe@NPC (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)LIBs (sic)SIBs (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).
Outstanding electrochemical and long cycle performance of the transition metal selenides embedded in porous carbon
(Elsevier Science Sa, 2025) Bugday, Nesrin; Deng, Wentao; Duygulu, Ozgur; Ji, Xiaobo; Yasar, Sedat
Transition-metal selenides are drawn significant attention owing to their high energy density and theoretical capacity. Nonetheless, their inadequate conductivity, poor cycling stability, subpar rate performance, and volume expansion impede their practical application in battery systems. We effectively synthesize core-shell Cu2Se/ZnSe@NPC, Cu2Se@NPC, and Cu2Se/Co3Se4@NPC composite heterostructures utilizing ZIF-8 and ZIF-67 as precursors. The Cu2Se, ZnSe, and Co3Se4 nanoparticles added to the N-doped porous carbon (NPC) structure provide enormous active sites for the electrodes in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). We belive that, the N-doped porous carbon (NPC) reduces the volume change impact created during the cycle process while simultaneously improving the conductivity. The Cu2Se/Co3Se4@NPC composite shows better performance and stability for SIBs, while the Cu2Se/ZnSe@NPC is outstanding for LIBs. Cu2Se/Co3Se4@NPC, Cu2Se/ZnSe@NPC, and Cu2Se@NPC electrodes exhibit a high initial capacity of 1507, 798, and 1023 mAh g-1 for LIBs, respectively. For SIBs after 1000 cycles, the capacities of the materials maintain at 310, 237, and 181 mAh g-1, respectively. Furthermore, the Cu2Se/ZnSe@NPC, Cu2Se@NPC, and Cu2Se/Co3Se4@NPC composites demonstrate exceptional rate performance for SIBs and LIBs. The reaction kinetics of Li/Na ions in the Cu2Se/ ZnSe@NPC, Cu2Se@NPC, and Cu2Se/Co3Se4@NPC composites are examined to elucidate their exceptional electrochemical performance. The results show the great potential of these composites and help us understand how different metal selenides, both alone and in different combinations, affect the creation of effective LIBs and SIBs.
Pioneering electrochemical detection unveils erdafitinib: a breakthrough in anticancer agent determination
(Springer Wien, 2024) Yildir, Merve Hatun; Genc, Asena Ayse; Erk, Nevin; Bouali, Wiem; Bugday, Nesrin; Yasar, Sedat; Duygulu, Ozgur
The successful fabrication is reported of highly crystalline Co nanoparticles interconnected with zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-12) -based amorphous porous carbon using the molten-salt-assisted approach utilizing NaCl. Single crystal diffractometers (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses confirm the codoped amorphous carbon structure. Crystallite size was calculated by Scherrer (34 nm) and Williamson-Hall models (42 nm). The magnetic properties of NPCS (N-doped porous carbon sheet) were studied using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The NPCS has a magnetic saturation (Ms) value of 1.85 emu/g. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses show that Co/Co3O4 nanoparticles are homogeneously distributed in the carbon matrix. While a low melting point eutectic salt acts as an ionic liquid solvent, ZIF-12, at high temperature, leading cobalt nanoparticles with a trace amount of Co3O4 interconnected by conductive amorphous carbon. In addition, the surface area (89.04 m2/g) and pore architectures of amorphous carbon embedded with Co nanoparticles are created using the molten salt approach. Thanks to this inexpensive and effective method, the optimal composite porous carbon structures were obtained with the strategy using NaCl salt and showed distinct electrochemical performance on electrochemical methodology revealing the analytical profile of Erdatifinib (ERD) as a sensor modifier. The linear response spanned from 0.01 to 7.38 mu M, featuring a limit of detection (LOD) of 3.36 nM and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 11.2 nM. The developed sensor was examined in terms of selectivity, repeatability, and reproducibility. The fabricated electrode was utilized for the quantification of Erdafitinib in urine samples and pharmaceutical dosage forms. This research provides a fresh outlook on the advancements in electrochemical sensor technology concerning the development and detection of anticancer drugs within the realms of medicine and pharmacology.
Superior Electrochemical Sensor Application of Co3O4/C Heterostructure in Rapid Analysis of Anticancer Drug Palbociclib in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Biological Fluids
(Amer Chemical Soc, 2024) Vural, Ozgul; Bugday, Nesrin; Genc, Asena Ayse; Erk, Nevin; Duygulu, Ozgur; Yasar, Sedat
In this work, we report a study examining how different salt concentrations affect the structure and electrochemical performance of two Co3O4/C materials designed for the fabrication of an easy, cheap, fast, safe, and useful electrochemical sensor for the detection of Palbociclib (PLB). Co3O4 nanoparticles were successfully created by encapsulating them in N-doped amorphous carbon matrices by using the molten salt-assisted approach. In this process, different amounts of potassium iodate and zeolitic imidazolate framework-12 (ZIF-12) were used, followed by pyrolysis at 800 degrees C. Optimum Co3O4 embedded porous carbon structures were obtained, and the composite with the highest electrochemical properties was modified to a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface for PLB detection. The linear response spanned from 1.0 to 5.0 mu M, featuring a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.122 mu M and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.408 mu M; the correlation coefficient was calculated as 0.995. The high sensitivity of the method in detecting PLB in pharmaceutical samples and human urine demonstrated its feasibility, with recovery percentages ranging from 99.3% to 101.3% and relative standard deviation (RSD) values of <3%. Therefore, this technique will make a significant contribution to monitoring and improving existing cancer treatment options.
Sustainable chickpea stem-inspired cobalt chalcogenide-carbon composites as ultra-stable anodes for sodium-ion batteries and hybrid capacitors
(Elsevier, 2026) Bugday, Nesrin; Onal, Yunus; Duygulu, Ozgur; Deng, Wentao; Ji, Xiaobo; Yasar, Sedat
The improvement of sustainable and high-performance anodes is essential for the future of sodium-ion energy storage systems (SIESS). Transition metal chalcogenides (TMCs) as anode have become a focal point of research because to their substantial capability facilitated by conversion or alloying reactions. Herein, metallic cobalt nanoparticles supported on the chickpea stem derived carbon (Co@CSC) underwent controlled oxidation, sulfurization, and selenization to form cobalt chalcogenides/carbon (Co3O4@CSC, Co9S8@CSC, and Co3Se4@CSC) composites. Electrochemical evaluation of these composites for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) reveals reversible capacity of 586 mAh g(-1) at a current density of 0.1 A g(-1), along with remarkable rate performance of 370 mAh g(-1) at 2.0 A g(-1) and long-term stability after 1000 cycles for Co9S8@CSC. In contrast, the Co3Se4@CSC shows dominant pseudocapacitive contributions, enhancing both reversibility and long-term stability. Practical applicability is confirmed in full cells employing Na3V2(PO4)(3) cathodes: the Co3Se4@CSC//Na3V2(PO4)(3) configuration delivered capacity of 146 mAh g(-1) at a current density of 0.1 A g(-1). According to hybrid capacitor tests, Co3Se4@CSC surpass Co9S8@CSC by providing greater reversible capacity (similar to 85 mAh g(-1)) and steadier voltage profiles. Robust coupling between the cobalt chalcogenides and the conductive porous carbon promote efficient charge transport, preserved structural integrity during cycling, and enhanced redox kinetics.
Synthesis of Co/Co3O4 Heterostructure in N-Doped Porous, Amorphous Carbon: A Superior Electrochemical Sensor for Sensitive Determination of Alectinib in Various Fluids
(Amer Chemical Soc, 2024) Bugday, Nesrin; Gabiam, Edoh Nicodeme; Erk, Nevin; Bay, M. Soner; Genc, Asena Ayse; Duygulu, Ozgur; Yasar, Sedat
Highly crystallized Co and Co3O4 nanoparticles embedded in an N-doped amorphous carbon matrix have been successfully fabricated by the molten-salt-assisted method using KClO3 and zeolitic imidazolate framework-12 (ZIF-12). Pyrolysis of ZIF-12 with different concentrations of KClO3 leads to embedded Co and Co3O4 nanoparticles in a conductive amorphous carbon network. The impact of salt concentration on the morphology and electrochemical performance of these composites was investigated for electrochemical sensor applications. By employing a straightforward and efficient technique, Co/Co3O4 heterostructures were successfully synthesized in N-doped porous amorphous carbon. The Co/Co3O4 carbon heterostructures were optimized by varying the salt concentration, resulting in a significant electrochemical sensor performance for detecting ALC in both bulk and biological fluids. The sensor demonstrates excellent sensitivity (62.97 nmol/L) and selectivity toward ALC, with a wide linear range (0.2-2 mu M) and a low detection limit (18.89 nM). Furthermore, it displays remarkable stability and reproducibility, positioning it as a strong contender for practical use in pharmaceutical analysis and biomedical research. This study presents a significant advancement in electrochemical sensing technology and underscores the potential of Co/Co3O4 heterostructures in the development of high-performance sensors for detecting bioactive compounds in complex matrices.
ZIF-12-derived N-doped Fe/Co/S/@C nanoparticles as high-performance composite anode electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries
(Elsevier Science Sa, 2022) Bugday, Nesrin; Ates, Mehmet Nurullah; Duygulu, Ozgur; Deng, Wentao; Ji, Xiaobo; Altin, Serdar; Yasar, Sedat
Different sulfide species of both iron and cobalt metals (FeS2, FeS, CoS, and FeCoS2) are composed together in N-doped porous carbon (NPC) for the synthesis of composite anode materials (labeled as Fe/Co/S@NPC-T hereafter, T = 700, 800, 900) by sulfurization and pyrolysis of Fe/Co-based zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-12). Their structural properties are investigated by XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM, BET and XPS analysis, and Fe/ Co/S@NPC-T composite materials, heat treated at different temperatures, are used as anode materials in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. According to XRD results, the heat treatment of the Fe/Co@ZIF-12/S heat treated at 900 ? leads to the formation of the FeCoS2 phase (66 %) along with CoS (33 %) phase impurity. The heat treatment of the Fe/Co@ZIF-12/S heat treated at 800 ? causes the formation of the main phase of FeCoS2 with minor impurity phases of CoS and FeS2. However, pyrolysis of the Fe/Co@ZIF-12/S heat treated at 700 & DEG;C leads to the formation of the FeCoS2, CoS, FeS, and FeS2 phases. Among the samples, the highest BET surface area is 53.4 m2/g for the Fe/Co/S@NPC-90 0 sample. The CV analysis of the battery cell shows anodic and cathodic redox peaks, which belong to the redox reaction of CoS, FeS2, and FeS. The first dis-charge capacities of the cells for Fe/Co/S@NPC-70 0, Fe/Co/S@NPC-80 0 and Fe/Co/S@NPC-90 0 are 395, 963, 574 mA h/g at 300 mA/g, and 229, 835 and 1024 mA h/g at 1000 mA/g, respectively. (c) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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