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    Palladium(II) Complexes with N-Heterocyclic carbene and morpholine ligands: Synthesis, characterization, and their effects on herg1 potassium channel gene expression in the MCF-7 breast cancer cells
    (Elsevier, 2026) Eroglu, Pelin; Gok, Yetkin; Izmirli, Merve; Demirci, Ozlem; Kazak, Canan
    Acetylphenyl and various fluorinated alkyl-functionalized imidazol-2-ylidene carbene complexes of Pd(II) were prepared by the reaction of dibromo[1-(4-acetylphenyl)-3-(fluorinatedalkyl)imidazole-2-ylidene]pyridinepalladium(II) with morpholine in dichloromethane. The structures of the synthesized complexes were characterized using spectroscopic such as 1H, 13C, 19F NMR, and FT-IR and elemental analysis techniques. The Pd(II) complex 2d, incorporating an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) and morpholine ligand, was structurally characterized by Xray crystallography. The crystal packing reveals N-H & ctdot;Br hydrogen bonds, C-H & ctdot;F/O interactions, and C-F & ctdot;it stacking, forming a 3D network stabilized by supramolecular interactions. The cytotoxicity of the synthesized compounds (2a-f) was evaluated using the MCF-7 cell line. The anticancer activity of palladium complexes against MCF-7 cells was revealed with IC50 values ranging from 48.13-151.02 mu M. The effect of complex 2b on the gene expression of the hERG1 K+ channel was determined using the RT-qPCR method. hERG1 potassium channel gene expression decreased at the 50 mu M complex 2b concentration at 24 h.