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    The comparison of the impact of ghrelin and tacrolimus on vitreous cytokine levels in an experimental uveitis model
    (Springer, 2013) Gul, Fatih Cem; Turgut, Burak; Dagli, Ferda; Ilhan, Nevin; Ozgen, Metin
    We aimed to compare the effects of intraperitoneal ghrelin and tacrolimus on vitreous levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in an experimental autoimmune uveitis model. Twenty-four male rats, each weighing 300 g, were assigned into four groups, six rats in each. All the rats, except for those in group 1, were injected intravitreally with concanavalin a to induce experimental uveitis. The development of uveitis was confirmed by the histopathologic examination of two rat globes from each group. The rats in group 2 were not given any treatment after uveitis was induced. The rats in group 3 were administered 1 mg/kg/day of intraperitoneal tacrolimus on days 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 following the induction of uveitis (on the 14th day of study). The rats in group 4 were given 10 ng/kg/day of intraperitoneal ghrelin for 7 days following the induction of uveitis. On the 21st day of the study, all rats were sacrificed, and the eyes enucleated were subjected to histopathologic examination. Vitreous levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1 and IL-6 were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. The histopathologic evaluation carried out to confirm the development of uveitis revealed destruction in the retinae and ciliary bodies of the immunized rats. The mean vitreous levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1 and IL-6 were significantly higher in the sham group than in the control group (p < 0.05). The levels of these three cytokines showed a significant decrease in the tacrolimus treatment group (p < 0.05). Cytokine levels decreased in the ghrelin treatment group relative to the control group; however, the decrease was not found statistically significant (p > 0.05). Tacrolimus could be effective in uveitis treatment by neutralizing or decreasing the levels of cytokines such as TNF-alpha, IL-1 and IL-6 that have a critical part in the pathogenesis of uveitis. However, ghrelin failed to produce the desired effect. Further studies using different doses and different ways of administration are needed to determine the effective dose of ghrelin in uveitis.
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    Evaluation of central macular thickness after penetrating keratoplasty
    (2018) Can, Nagehan; Guler, Mete; Yusufoglu, Elif; Celik, Fatih; Gul, Fatih Cem; Ozsoy, Ercan
    Aim: To evaluate the changes in central macular thickness after penetrating keratoplasty. Material and Methods: A total of 24 eyes of 24 patients who had undergone penetrating keratoplasty were included in the study. This study was performed retrospectively by reviewing the charts of the patients. Postoperative 1st week, 1st month, 3rd month, 6th month and 12th month mean total macular volume, central macular thickness, parafoveal area and perifoveal area thickness and retinal nevre fiber layer (RNFL) thickness results obtained with optic coherence tomography were compared. ANOVA test was used for statistical analysis. Results: The postoperative 1st week, 1st month, 3rd month, 6th month and 12th month mean total macular volume measurements were 7.03±0.2 mm³, 7.05±0.4 mm³, 7.0±0.6 mm³, 7.02±0.5 mm³ and 6.12±0.6 mm³, respectively. Mean central macular thickness measurements were 227.6±4.6 μm, 228.7±5.5 μm, 227.2±4.6 μm, 227.5±7.1 μm, 226.3±5.1μm respectively; mean parafoveal area thickness measurements were 290.2±3.7 μm, 289.9±7.8 μm, 288.7±6.3 μm, 288.8±4.7 μm, 288.6±8.3 μm respectively, mean perifoveal area thickness measurements were 261.1±4.2 μm, 261.4±1.9 μm, 260.4±3.6 μm, 259.8±2.7 μm, 259.3±4.7 μm respectively, and mean RNFL thickness measurements were 106.54±11.28 μm, 107.28±8.75 μm, 107.45±13.64 μm, 105.62±9.27 μm, 105.16±12.74 μm; respectively. Conclusion: No significant change was seen in macular thickness after penetrating keratoplasty. Although the macular thickness increases in the early postoperative stage, it decreases in time.
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    Frequency of myopia in childhood in Elazig
    (2020) Gungor Kobat, Sabiha; Gul, Fatih Cem
    Aim: We aimed to evaluate the increase in the frequency of myopia in childhood.Material and Methods: Between January 2014 and December 2018, the records of under 18 years old children with myopia diagnosed at our hospital were evaluated retrospectively. Distribution of patients of myopia was done according to years, age and sex.Results: 19,023 patients were included in the study. Mean age was 13.31±2.95. 11,261 (59.1%) of patients were female, and 7762 (40.9%) of patients were male. When the patients are categorized based on their age groups; the number of patients between 0-5 years was 181 (0.95%), the number of patients between 6-10 years was 3594 (18.8%), the number of patients between 11-15 years was 9808 (51.5%) and the number of patients aged 16 years and over was 5,440 (28.5%). When the number of patients according to years in which they applied to the hospital is analyzed; the number of patients in 2014 was 1899 (%9.9), the number of patients in 2015 was 2,768 (14.5%), the number of patients in 2016 was 3,225 (16.9%), the number of patients in 2017 was 4,781(25.1%), and the number of patients in 2018 was 6350 (33.3%). The increase in the number of patients between 2014-2015, 2015-2016, 2016-2017, 2017-2018 is statistically significant (p0.05, p0.05, p0.05, p0.05 respectively). Conclusion: The number of children with myopia is increasing day by day. Considering the budget that spent for the treatment of myopia and complications caused by high myopia, myopia must be considered as a public health problem, and necessary preventions should be taken for improving the environmental factors that are considered to be involved in etiology.
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    Impact of ghrelin on vitreous cytokine levels in an experimental uveitis model
    (Dove Medical Press Ltd, 2013) Turgut, Burak; Gul, Fatih Cem; Dagli, Ferda; Ilhan, Nevin; Ozgen, Metin
    Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of intraperitoneal ghrelin on vitreous levels of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and to compare its effects with those of intraperitoneal infliximab in an experimental uveitis model. Methods: Twenty-four male rats were assigned to four groups of six rats in each. All the rats, except for those in group 1 (controls), were injected intravitreally with concanavalin A to induce experimental uveitis. Rats in group 2 (sham) were not given any treatment after uveitis was induced. Rats in group 3 were given intraperitoneal infliximab 0.5 mg/100 mL on days 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 following induction of uveitis on day 14 of the study. Rats in group 4 were given intraperitoneal ghrelin 10 ng/kg/day for 7 days following induction of uveitis. On day 21 of the study, enucleated globes were subjected to histopathologic examination. Vitreous levels of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Vitreous levels of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha were significantly increased in the sham group relative to the control group (P < 0.05), but showed a significant decrease in the group treated with infliximab (P < 0.05). Cytokine levels also decreased in the ghrelin-treated group, but the decrease was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Ghrelin failed to decrease the IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha levels that play a critical role in the pathogenesis of uveitis.