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    Antiprotozoal Activity of Artemisia vulgaris and Berberis vulgaris Against Leishmania major and Trichomonas vaginalis
    (Springer Int Publ Ag, 2026) Aksoy, Tulay; Girginkardesler, Nogay; Balcioglu, Ibrahim Cuneyt; Kilimcioglu, Ali Ahmet
    Purpose Leishmania major and Trichomonas vaginalis infections pose a significant global health burden, while current treatments are limited by toxicity, resistance, and restricted accessibility. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro and ex vivo antileishmanial effects of Artemisia vulgaris and Berberis vulgaris extracts against L. major, as well as their in vitro antitrichomonal activity against T. vaginalis trophozoites. Methods Ethanolic extracts of A. vulgaris and B. vulgaris were tested against L. major promastigotes, intracellular amastigotes, and T. vaginalis trophozoites. Parasite viability was determined by CellTiter-Glo (R), microscopy, and rescue-transformation assays, and selectivity indices (SI) were calculated. Amphotericin B and metronidazole served as reference drugs. Results Both extracts exhibited low cytotoxicity in THP-1 macrophages (A. vulgaris CC50 = 465.2 & micro;g/mL; B. vulgaris = 357.7 & micro;g/mL). Against L. major, B. vulgaris showed greater potency (IC50 = 76.8 & micro;g/mL; SI = 4.7 for amastigotes) than A. vulgaris (IC50 = 179.7 & micro;g/mL; SI = 2.6). Both extracts reduced intracellular parasite burden in a dose-dependent manner, achieving complete clearance at non-cytotoxic concentrations (>= 300 & micro;g/mL). In T. vaginalis, the extracts induced concentration-dependent inhibition, with IC50 values of 68.9 & micro;g/mL (B. vulgaris, SI = 5.2) and 104.4 & micro;g/mL (A. vulgaris, SI = 4.5). Conclusion Both extracts exhibited selective, dose-dependent antiprotozoal activity, with B. vulgaris showing superior efficacy, particularly against intracellular L. major and T. vaginalis. These results highlight their potential as natural antiprotozoal sources, warranting further studies on active constituents, mechanisms, and in vivo efficacy.
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    Thymol's antileishmanial activity and its impact on host cytokine profiles: In vitro and ex vivo studies on Leishmania tropica
    (Elsevier Ireland Ltd, 2026) Aksoy, Tulay; Kilimcioglu, Ali Ahmet
    Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected tropical disease associated with significant morbidity, primarily due to chronic skin lesions, scarring, and psychosocial consequences. This study aimed to investigate the in vitro and ex vivo antileishmanial effects of thymol (1-500 mu M) against Leishmania tropica (MHOM/TR/2012/CBCL-LT) infection. Thymol's in vitro efficacy was assessed on both promastigote (Haemocytometry and CellTiter-Glo assays) and amastigote (Giemsa staining and Parasite Rescue Transformation Assay) forms of L. tropica. Additionally, its immunomodulatory effects were evaluated by analyzing cytokine secretion (IFN-gamma, IL-12, IL-10, and IL-4) and infectivity in THP-1 macrophages using ELISA. Cytotoxicity was determined by calculating the 50 % cytotoxic concentration (CC50) in THP-1 cells. The in vitro inhibitory concentration (IC50) value against L. tropica promastigotes was determined as 79.41 mu M, while the ex vivo IC50 value against amastigotes was 105.2 mu M. Incubation of infected macrophages with thymol resulted in a dose-dependent increase in IFN-gamma and IL-12 levels, along with a significant reduction in IL-10 and IL-4 secretion (p < 0.05). The CC50 value of thymol in THP-1 cells was 160.7 mu M, indicating low cytotoxicity. Moreover, the selectivity index (SI) values greater than 1 confirmed the compound's preferential action against amastigotes while exhibiting minimal toxicity toward macrophages. These findings highlight thymol's potential as an antileishmanial agent by effectively eliminating and controlling Leishmania parasites in both in vitro and ex vivo models. Due to its immunomodulatory properties and low cytotoxicity, thymol represents a promising starting point for the development of novel antileishmanial agents and alternative therapeutic strategies against CL caused by L. tropica.