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    An Evaluation of the Performance of Low-Cost Resin Printers in Orthodontics
    (Mdpi, 2025) Oguz, Firat; Bor, Sabahattin
    Background/Objectives: This study evaluated the trueness and precision of three low-cost 3D printers compared to a professional-grade printer in fabricating orthodontic models. Methods: Two upper dental models, one crowded and one non-crowded, were designed using Blenderfordental and Autolign. The models were printed with Anycubic M3 Premium, Anycubic Photon D2, Phrozen Sonic Mini 8K, and Ackuretta Sol at 45 degrees and 90 degrees using Elegoo orthodontic and Ackuretta Curo resins. A total of 384 models were produced: 256 crowded (128 at 90 degrees and 128 at 45 degrees) and 128 non-crowded (all at 45 degrees). Chitubox Dental Slicer and ALPHA AI slicer were used for slicing. Post-processing involved cleaning with Ackuretta Cleani and curing in Ackuretta Curie. The models were scanned with Smartoptics Vinyl Open Air. Trueness was assessed using RMS deviation analysis in CloudCompare and linear measurements. Results: One-way ANOVA showed significant differences in trueness among the printers at 45 degrees (p < 0.001) and 90 degrees (p < 0.001). The Ackuretta Sol (LCD) exhibited the highest trueness, with the lowest mean RMS values at 45 degrees (0.095 +/- 0.008 mm) and 90 degrees (0.115 +/- 0.010 mm). The Anycubic M3 Premium (LCD) had the lowest trueness, with RMS values at 45 degrees (0.136 +/- 0.015 mm) and 90 degrees (0.149 +/- 0.012 mm). The 45 degrees build angle resulted in significantly better trueness than 90 degrees (p < 0.001). In linear measurements, deviations exceeding 0.25 mm were observed only in the R1 distance, except for the Ackuretta SOL, which remained below this threshold. Conclusions: The professional-grade printer demonstrated the best performance overall. Printing at a 45 degrees build angle resulted in improved accuracy. Despite differences among devices, all printers produced results within clinically acceptable limits for orthodontic use.
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    Diagnostic Accuracy and Agreement Between AI and Clinicians in Orthodontic 3D Model Analysis
    (Mdpi, 2025) Bor, Sabahattin; Oguz, Firat; Khanmohammadi, Ayla
    Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly integrated into orthodontic workflows, including digital model analysis modules embedded in orthodontic software. While these systems offer efficiency and automation, the accuracy and clinical reliability of AI-generated measurements and diagnostic assessments remain unclear. Therefore, to use AI systems safely and effectively in clinical orthodontics, it is important to check their results by comparing them with those of experienced orthodontists. Methods: Digital models of 48 patients were analyzed by the Orthodontist group and two AI platforms: Titan (full) and SoftSmile (Bolton only). Three orthodontists independently measured all variables using 3Shape OrthoAnalyzer, and group means were used for comparison. A subset of models was reanalyzed after two weeks to assess consistency. Data distribution was evaluated, and appropriate statistical tests were applied. Reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and Cohen's kappa. Results: Almost perfect agreement was observed between the orthodontists and Titan AI in molar classification (kappa = 0.955 right, kappa = 0.900 left; p < 0.001), with perfect agreement reported across all groups-including between the orthodontists themselves-for Angle classification (kappa = 1.00). In anterior and overall Bolton analyses, no meaningful agreement was found between the orthodontists and AI platforms. However, in a subset of patients where all three methods identified the tooth size discrepancy in the same arch (either maxilla or mandible), no significant differences were found in anterior (p = 0.226) or overall Bolton values (p = 0.795). Overjet, overbite, and space analysis values showed significant differences between the orthodontist and Titan groups (p < 0.001). ICC analysis indicated good to excellent intra- and inter-rater reliability within the orthodontist group (>= 0.77), while both AI systems demonstrated excellent internal consistency, with ICC values exceeding 0.95. Conclusions: AI-based platforms showed high agreement with orthodontists only in Angle classification. While their performance in Bolton analysis was limited, significant differences were observed in other linear measurements, indicating the need for further refinement before clinical use.
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    Distalization Methods for Maxillary Molars Utilizing Temporary Anchorage Devices (TADs): A Narrative Review
    (Mdpi, 2024) Oguz, Firat; Ozden, Samet; Cicek, Orhan
    Class II malocclusions, characterized by the mesial positioning of the maxillary molars relative to the mandibular molars, are among the most frequently encountered orthodontic issues. One of the widely adopted non-extraction approaches for addressing this malocclusion is maxillary molar distalization, which has been utilized for decades to create space within the dental arch. Historically, extraoral appliances such as headgear were commonly employed. However, with technological advancements, intraoral distalization devices, particularly those incorporating temporary anchorage devices (TADs), have gained prominence due to their compact size, not being visible externally, and improved patient acceptance. These appliances offer significant advantages, including being less invasive compared with extraction-based camouflage treatments, being more readily accepted by patients due to the absence of extraction spaces, and not requiring the complex biomechanical principles involved in extraction-based methods. TADs have revolutionized distalization techniques by providing superior anchorage control, reducing treatment duration, and offering a straightforward, patient-friendly application. The purpose of this comprehensive narrative review is to focus specifically on intraoral distalization techniques utilizing TADs, summarizing their efficacy and outcomes in the management of Class II malocclusions as reported in clinical studies over the past three decades.
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    Effect of Different Printing Designs and Resin Types on the Accuracy of Orthodontic Model
    (Mdpi, 2025) Bor, Sabahattin; Oguz, Firat
    This study aimed to evaluate the effect of resin type and printing design on the dimensional accuracy of three dimensional (3D) printed orthodontic models, considering their clinical relevance for applications such as in-house aligner fabrication. Since low-cost Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) printers have been increasingly adopted in practice but data on their trueness and precision with different resins and print designs were limited, the study sought to provide evidence-based insights into their reliability. A mandibular model was designed using Blenderfordental (B4D, version 1.1.2024; Dubai, United Arab Emirates) software and fabricated with the Anycubic Photon Mono 7 Pro 14K (Anycubic, Shenzhen, China) LCD printer. The model was printed in vertical orientation using three different print designs at two layer thicknesses (50 mu m and 100 mu m). Four resins (Elegoo, Anycubic, eSUN, and Phrozen) were used, and each resin was printed with all three designs, yielding 126 models per resin and a total of 504 printed models. Dimensional deviations between the printed and reference models were assessed using root mean square (RMS) values and color-coded deviation maps. Significant differences in trueness were found among resins and print designs at both layer thicknesses (p < 0.001). At a layer thickness of 50 m, eSUN and Anycubic showed superior trueness, whereas Phrozen exhibited the highest deviations. At a layer thickness of 100 mu m, Anycubic, eSUN, and Phrozen generally performed better than Elegoo. Overall, printing at 100 mu m yielded better performance than at 50 mu m. Precision analysis revealed resin-dependent differences, with eSUN showing significantly higher precision than Elegoo at both layer thicknesses (p = 0.006 at 100 mu m, p < 0.001 at 50 m) and superior precision compared to Phrozen at 50 mu m (p = 0.019). Both resin selection and print design significantly affect the dimensional accuracy of 3D-printed dental models.
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    Evaluation of Condylar and Airway Volume in Skeletal Class I Patients with Different Vertical Growth Patterns
    (Mdpi, 2025) Oguz, Firat; Bor, Sabahattin; Khanmohammadi, Ayla; Kiransal, Melike
    Objective: This study aimed to investigate the correlation between condylar volume and airway dimensions in skeletal Class I malocclusion patients with different vertical growth patterns. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) files were analyzed using AI-performed segmentation to ensure accurate measurements. Materials and Methods: A total of 93 individuals with skeletal Class I malocclusion (55 females and 38 males; average age 21.3 +/- 3.0 years) were classified into three groups (normodivergent, hyperdivergent, and hypodivergent) according to their vertical growth patterns. Upper airway and condylar volumes were calculated following AI-assisted segmentation, and their correlation was evaluated. Results: In the hyperdivergent group, both airway volume (11.2 +/- 5.0 cm(3)) and condylar volume (1.2 +/- 0.2 cm(3)) were significantly lower compared to the normodivergent (airway: 14.4 +/- 4.9 cm(3); condyle: 1.5 +/- 0.3 cm(3)) and hypodivergent groups (airway: 14.1 +/- 6.3 cm(3); condyle: 1.5 +/- 0.3 cm(3)) (p < 0.05). Although no statistically significant correlation was detected between airway volume and right condylar volume across the three groups (normodivergent: r = -0.204, p = 0.280; hypodivergent: r = 0.015, p = 0.936; hyperdivergent: r = -0.007, p = 0.971), a strong positive correlation was identified between the right and left condylar volumes in all groups (r > 0.8, p < 0.01). Conclusions: No significant statistical correlation was detected between condylar volume and airway volume across the evaluated groups. However, hyperdivergent individuals were found to have smaller condylar volumes and narrower airway volumes, which may contribute to increased airway resistance and a higher risk of respiratory dysfunctions. These findings highlight the importance of considering vertical growth patterns in orthodontic and orthopedic treatment planning, especially when evaluating airway dimensions. Additionally, a strong and statistically notable positive correlation was detected between the right and left condylar volumes across all groups.
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    Evaluation of trueness and precision of 3 face-scanning devices
    (Mosby-Elsevier, 2025) Bor, Sabahattin; Oguz, Firat; Ozdemir, Deniz
    Introduction: This study evaluated the trueness and precision of three 3-dimensional facial scanning devices- MetiSmile (MS), Revopoint Miraco Plus (RMP), and Qlone Dental application (QA) using an iPhone 15 Pro. Methods: Forty-seven participants were scanned using MS, RMP, and QA under standardized conditions. Comprehensive accuracy evaluations (trueness and precision) were conducted. Deviations were assessed through superimposition, and the root mean square (RMS) was used to quantify these deviations. The deviation analysis was performed using CloudCompare software (v2.13.2, www.cloudcompare.org). Results: Trueness analysis showed that MS and RMP produced comparable results with deviations below 0.5 mm, whereas QA exhibited significantly higher deviations (P = 0.003; mean RMS = 0.938 mm for full-head scans). Precision analysis revealed MS had the lowest mean RMS deviation (0.309 mm), indicating the highest consistency, followed by RMP (0.362 mm). QA demonstrated the least precision (mean RMS = 0.657 mm). Comparative analysis indicated MS and RMP scans were similar, whereas QA showed greater deviations. Conclusions: The MS and RMP devices exhibit high accuracy, making them suitable for orthodontic diagnostics and treatment planning. Although less accurate, the QA is also applicable for these purposes. (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2025;168:358-66)
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    Finite element analysis of maxillary arch distalization using skeletal anchorage at three different application regions
    (Nature Portfolio, 2025) Oguz, Firat; Ozden, Samet
    This study aimed to evaluate total maxillary arch distalization using three different skeletal anchorage systems-Mini Screw-Assisted Kele & scedil; Slider (MKS), infrazygomatic crest (IZC) screw, and maxillary tuberosity (MT) screw-through finite element analysis (FEA). A 3D cranio-maxillary model including dentition, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone was constructed. For the MKS and IZC groups, forces were applied at three vertical heights (0 mm, 3 mm, and 6 mm apically), while the MT group involved three directional applications: buccal, palatal, and combined bucco-palatal. This design yielded nine distinct simulation scenarios. Tooth movements were assessed along the x (transverse), y (sagittal), and z (vertical) axes, and Von Mises stress distributions were analyzed in surrounding structures. In the MKS group, the first scenario showed the greatest molar crown displacement, while the third had the highest root-level movement. The ninth MT scenario yielded the most palatal crown displacement of incisors, while the sixth IZC scenario showed the greatest root movement. Apical force applications (MKS and IZC at 3-6 mm) allowed controlled displacement suited for Class II Division 2 malocclusions. In contrast, archwire-level and MT scenarios produced patterns favorable for Class II Division 1 cases. Anchorage type and force direction significantly affected distalization outcomes.
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    Three-Dimensional Evaluation of TMJ Morphology in Individuals with Maxillary or Mandibular Impacted Canines: A CBCT-Based Retrospective Study
    (Mdpi, 2026) Oguz, Firat; Ozden, Samet
    Background/Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate temporomandibular joint (TMJ) morphology in individuals with impacted maxillary and mandibular canine teeth using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and to compare the findings with those of a control group without impacted canines. Methods: A total of 80 individuals were included in this retrospective study. Based on CBCT images, participants were divided into three groups: the impacted maxillary canine group (n = 30), impacted mandibular canine group (n = 20), and control group (n = 30). CBCT images were oriented in the 3D Slicer software according to the Frankfurt Horizontal plane and the midsagittal reference line. Condylar width, length, position, angular parameters, joint spaces, and condylar volume were measured. Appropriate parametric and non-parametric statistical tests were used for intergroup comparisons. Results: The control group exhibited significantly higher values of condylar width, coronal condylar position and angle, certain joint spaces, and condylar volume compared with both impacted maxillary and mandibular canine groups (p < 0.05). In particular, significant differences were observed for condylar width (p <= 0.002) (Control: 19.76 +/- 2.09 mm, Maxillary: 17.92 +/- 2.14 mm, Mandibular: 17.76 +/- 1.64 mm), coronal condylar position (p < 0.001) (Control: 7.50 +/- 1.34 mm, Maxillary: 6.02 +/- 0.89 mm, Mandibular: 6.30 +/- 0.83 mm), coronal condylar angle (p < 0.001) (Control: 25.09 degrees +/- 4.40, Maxillary: 28.80 degrees +/- 3.70, Mandibular: 33.37 degrees +/- 4.10), and condylar volume (p < 0.001) (Control: 1755.87 +/- 357.32 mm(3), Maxillary: 1337.18 +/- 302.65 mm(3), Mandibular: 1252.71 +/- 369.24 mm(3)). No significant differences were found between the impacted maxillary and mandibular canine groups for most parameters (p > 0.05). Right-left side comparisons demonstrated that bilateral symmetry was largely preserved, except for condylar volume (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The presence of impacted canines may influence TMJ morphology, particularly at the level of condylar morphometry and joint spaces. Therefore, considering TMJ morphology in addition to local dental factors when evaluating impacted canines may provide a more comprehensive approach to orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.
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    Written information versus multimedia education: A randomized trial on anxiety at the onset of orthodontic treatment in adolescents
    (Korean Assoc Orthodontists, 2025) Yavan, Mehmet Ali; Oguz, Firat
    Objective: This study aimed to compare the effects of multimedia and written explanations on anxiety, dental fear, and pain perception among adolescents before the start of fixed orthodontic treatment. Methods: Individuals aged 14-18 years who presented to the Faculty of Dentistry at Ad & imath;yaman University were randomly assigned to the multimedia information group (MIG) and written information groups (WIG). Before the appointment for bonding, educational information was provided to the MIG and WIG as an 8-minute informative multimedia video and written form, respectively. All participants completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State Anxiety and Dental Fear Index before and after the procedure. After the session, they were asked to rate their perceived pain using a visual analog scale and the number of questions they asked the clinician regarding the treatment was recorded. For statistical analyses, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, chi-square, paired-sample t, Student t, and Mann- Whitney U tests were used. Results: No statistically significant differences in anxiety, fear, or pain scores were observed between the groups before and after the session (P > 0.05). Both groups exhibited no significant change in the anxiety scores between the two time points (P > 0.05), but exhibited significantly reduced fear scores (P < 0.05). Only the MIG demonstrated significant sex-related differences before the treatment session (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Although the effects of multimedia and written education on the anxiety and fear scores exhibited no significant different, multimedia education may have reduced the chair time by decreasing the number of questions posed by the patients.