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Öğe Anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in adolescents during the COVID-19 outbreak and associated factors(Wiley-Hindawi, 2021) Selcuk, Engin Burak; Demir, Arzu Caliskan; Erbay, Lale Gonenir; Ozcan, Ozlem Ozel; Gurer, Huseyin; Donmez, Yunus EmreIntroduction Outbreaks of infectious diseases have negative effects on mental health. Currently, there is very little information about the psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on adolescents and associated factors affecting their mental health. The aim of the present study is to determine the severity of anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in adolescents during the COVID-19 outbreak, and to investigate the associated factors with these symptoms. Methods The present study was conducted with a total of 447 adolescents. Psychiatric symptoms were evaluated by the use of DSM-5 Level 2 Anxiety Scale, DSM-5 Level 2 Depression Scale and National Stressful Events Survey PTSD Short Scale. The association between age, gender, residential area, presence of COVID-19 in the participant, presence of COVID-19 in the family or environment and psychiatric symptoms were evaluated with linear regression analysis. Results The mean age of participants was 15.06, and 38.3% of the participants were men and 61.7% were women. The rate of participants with moderate or high levels of anxiety, depression and PTSD symptoms was 28%, 37.6% and 28.5%, respectively. High age and living in an urban area were associated with increased anxiety, depression and PTSD symptoms. In addition, female gender was associated with increased depression symptoms, and the presence of COVID-19 in the family or environment was associated with increased anxiety symptoms. Conclusion The present study shows that adolescents have serious levels of anxiety, depression and PTSD symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. These results emphasise the need for mental health interventions that are appropriate for the characteristics of this age group.Öğe Determining the probability of juvenile delinquency by using support vector machines and designing a clinical decision support system(Churchill Livingstone, 2020) Ucuz, Ilknur; Cicek, Ayla Uzun; Ari, Ali; Ozcan, Ozlem Ozel; Sari, Seda AybukeIt is a known fact that individuals who engaged in delinquent behavior in childhood are more probable to carry on similar behavior in adulthood. If the factors that lead children to involve in delinquency are defined, the risk of dragging children into crime can be detected before they are involved in crime and delinquency can be prevented with appropriate preventive rehabilitation programs, in the early period. However, given that delinquent behavior occurs under the influence of multiple conditions and factors rather than a single risk factor; the need for diagnostic tools to evaluate multiple factors together is obvious. Artificial intelligence-based clinical decision support systems have already been used in the field of psychiatry as well as many other fields of medicine. In this study, we assume that thanks to artificial intelligence-based clinical decision support systems, children and adolescents at risk can be detected before the criminal behavior occurs by addressing certain factors. In this way, we anticipate that it can provide psychiatrists and other experts in the field.Öğe Emotional Dysregulation and Temperament-Character Traits in Adolescents With Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder (Conversion Disorder)(Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2024) Ucuz, Ilknur; Cicek, Ayla Uzun; Celik, Merve Komurcu; Akan, Mustafa; Kesriklioglu, Esma; Gungor, Serdal; Ozcan, Ozlem OzelThe purpose of this study was to evaluate emotion dysregulation and temperament-character traits in adolescents with functional neurological symptom disorder (FNSD). Forty adolescents with FNSD and 40 healthy adolescents were evaluated by a semiconstructed diagnosis interview, Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), Regulation of Emotions Questionnaire (REQ), and Children's Somatization Inventory-24 (CSI-24). The external and internal dysfunctional emotion regulation scores of REQ, all subscales of DERS, except the awareness subscale, and CSI-24 scores were significantly higher in FNSD patients compared with healthy controls. There were significant differences between the groups in terms of harm avoidance and reward dependence subscale scores of TCI. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the external dysfunctional emotion regulation strategy, somatization, and reward dependence are significant predictors of FNSD. Our results provide evidence that adolescents with FNSD experience emotional dysregulation and that the differential value of some temperament-character traits in the diagnosis of FNSD.Öğe Estimation of the Development of Depression and PTSD in Children Exposed to Sexual Abuse and Development of Decision Support Systems by Using Artificial Intelligence(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2022) Ucuz, Ilknur; Ari, Ali; Ozcan, Ozlem Ozel; Topaktas, Ozgu; Sarraf, Merve; Dogan, OzlemThe most common diagnoses after childhood sexual abuse are Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and depression. The aim of this study is to design a decision support system to help psychiatry physicians in the treatment of childhood sexual abuse. Computer aided decision support system (CADSS) based on ANN, which predicts the development of PTSD and Major Depressive Disorder, using different parameters of the act of abuse and patients was designed. The data of 149 girls and 21 boys who were victims of sexual abuse were included in the study. In the designed CADDS, the gender of the victim, the type of sexual abuse, the age of exposure, the duration until reporting, the time of abuse, the proximity of the abuser to the victim, number of sexual abuse, whether the child is exposed to threats and violence during the abuse, the person who reported the event, and the intelligence level of the victim are used as input parameters. The average accuracy values for all three designed systems were calculated as 99.2%. It has been shown that the system designed by using these data can be used safely in the psychiatric assessment process, in order to differentiate psychiatric diagnoses in the early post-abuse period.Öğe Examination of the Correlation Between Internet Addiction and Social Phobia in Adolescents(Sage Publications Inc, 2017) Yayan, Emriye Hilal; Arikan, Duygu; Saban, Fatma; Bas, Nazan Gurarslan; Ozcan, Ozlem OzelThis was a descriptive and cross-sectional study conducted with adolescents to examine the correlation between Internet addiction and social phobia. The population of the study consisted of 24,260 students aged between 11 and 15 years. Sampling method was used from population with known number, and 1,450 students were calculated as sample of the study. In this study, 13.7% of the adolescents had an Internet addiction, and 4.2% spent more than 5 hr on the computer every day. There was a positive correlation between Internet addiction and social phobia. The form of time spent on Internet was examined in terms of addiction and social phobia; although Internet addiction was related to games, dating sites, and web surfing, social phobia was related to homework, games, and web surfing. It was hypothesized that adolescents with social phobia were Internet addicts, and the participants used the Internet to spend time rather than socialize.Öğe Frequency of Celiac Disease in Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder(Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013) Gungor, Serdal; Celiloglu, Ozgu Suna; Ozcan, Ozlem Ozel; Raif, Sabiha Gungor; Selimoglu, Mukadder AyseObjective: Although it is well known that celiac disease (CD) is associated with neurologic disorders, association with psychiatric problems is not well defined. In this report, we aimed to detect CD prevalence in patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: A total of 362 patients between the ages 5 and 15 years with the diagnosis of ADHD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) diagnostic criteria and 390 sex- and age-matched healthy children were included in the present study. Serum levels of tissue transglutaminase (tTg) immunoglobulin (Ig) A and IgG were studied in both groups. Serum IgA levels were also studied in patients with positive tTG IgG for the exclusion of selective IgA deficiency. Endoscopic duodenal biopsy was provided in seropositive patients, whose parents approved the procedure. Biopsy samples were evaluated according to Marsh-Oberhuber classification. Results: tTg IgA was positive in 4 patients with ADHD (1.1%). Endoscopic duodenal biopsy was suggestive of CD in one of them (0.27%). tTg IgA was positive in 3 of control group patients (0.8%). Duodenal biopsy of the only patient from control group, who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, revealed normal intestinal mucosa. Conclusions: The seropositivity rates for CD were found similar in ADHD and control groups. Thus, neither routine screening for CD nor empirical recommendation of gluten-free diet seems necessary in children with ADHD.Öğe Gender Differences in Sexually Abused Children and Adolescents: A Multicenter Study in Turkey(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2016) Soylu, Nusret; Ayaz, Muhammed; Gokten, Emel Sari; Alpaslan, Ahmet Hamdi; Donmez, Yunus Emre; Ozcan, Ozlem Ozel; Ayaz, Ayse BurcuThe purpose of this study was to examine gender-based differences in abuse-related characteristics and post-abuse psychiatric disorders among sexually abused children and adolescents. The researchers retrospectively examined files, judicial reports, and social examination reports of 1,250 sexually abused youth cases. Results showed that boys were more often victimized by penetration, force, and physical violence. Incidence of sexual abuse by family members, familiar persons, and multiple persons was higher among girls. In addition, a higher rate of major depressive disorder as well as alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking were found in sexually abused girls. No difference was observed between boys and girls in terms of post-traumatic stress disorder, conduct disorder, and other mental disorders. Intellectual disability was more frequent in boys.Öğe Investigation of the relationship between adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and reinforcement sensiti(Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 2024) Zayman, Esra Porgali; Unal, Suheyla; Cumurcu, Hatice Birgul; Ozcan, Ozlem Ozel; Bilici, Rabia; Zayman, ErsahObjective: It is known that adult ADHD coexistence is high in patients with substance use disorder (SUD). With the prediction that the Behavioral Activation System (BAS) and Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS), which Gray suggested to underlie motivated behavior, may be effective in these two psychopathological conditions, this study investigated the relationship between BIS/DAS dimensions and ADHD symptoms in substance abusers. Method: The study included 91 male patients over the age of 18 diagnosed with substance use disorder according to DSM-5 who were admitted to the AMATEM outpatient clinic of Elazig Mental Health and Diseases Hospital for outpatient treatment and 99 male healthy controls with similar sociodemographic characteristics. Participants were given a form in which sociodemographic and substance use questions were asked and Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder SelfScale (BIS/BAS). Results: In our study, the prevalence of adult ADHD among substance abusers was found to be 10.1%. When the groups were compared according to the scale scores, a statistically significant difference was found between the individuals with substance use disorder and the control group according to BIS-anxiety, FFFSfear, WURS scale scores and total ASRS scores. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that in substance abusers, an attention by increasing the sense of pleasure rather than hyperactivity that impulsivity may provide.Öğe Is contrast sensitivity a physiological marker in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder?(Elsevier, 2020) Donmez, Yunus Emre; Ozcan, Ozlem Ozel; Cankaya, Cem; Berker, Merve; Atas, Pamuk Betul Ulucan; Gunturkun, Pelin Nazli; Ceylan, Osman MelihAttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood-onset psychiatric disorders. Although the etiology is complex and has not yet been clarified, dopamine is thought to play a role in the etiology. Methylphenidate (MPH) is a psychostimulant drug used as first-line treatment for ADHD and it inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake transporters. Dopamine also has an effect on retina and contrast sensitivity. Despite evidence indicating the effects of dopamine on contrast sensitivity, the results of studies examining contrast sensitivity in ADHD patients are inconsistent. Also, no studies have been encountered examining the possible effect of MPH on contrast sensitivity. The hypotheses of this study are that children with ADHD who have not used MPH will have lower contrast sensitivity levels than the members of the control group, that contrast sensitivity levels increase after the use of MPH, and that contrast sensitivity is a potential physiological marker for ADHD. The study was conducted with 30 children with ADHD and 30 children without ADHD. Psychiatric evaluations of the participants were conducted with the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children-Present and Lifetime-Turkish version, Conner's Parent Rating Scale-Revised Short form and the Turgay DSM-IV-based Child and Adolescent Behavioral Disorders Screening and Rating Scale. Photopic contrast sensitivity was measured using the Functional Acuity Contrast Test (FACT). Results showed that FACT mean values of the control group were significantly higher than those of the ADHD group (pre-treatment) in all spatial frequencies. In four spatial frequencies (CPD 1.5, 3, 12 and 18), the FACT mean values of the control group were significantly higher than the ADHD group (during the OROS-MPH treatment). At all spatial frequencies, the mean values of the ADHD group during the OROS-MPH treatment were significantly higher than before the OROS-MPH treatment. In conclusion, the present study showed that contrast sensitivity is low in children with ADHD and increases significantly after OROS-MPH medication, but still did not reach the levels of the children without ADHD. Our findings suggest that contrast sensitivity may be a potential physiological marker in ADHD.Öğe Malnutrition and Obesity in Children With ADHD(Sage Publications Inc, 2016) Gungor, Serdal; Celiloglu, Ozgu Suna; Raif, Sabiha Gungor; Ozcan, Ozlem Ozel; Selimoglu, Mukadder AyseObjective: Low threshold of dissatisfaction and frustration in child and adolescent patients with ADHD lead to changes in dietary pattern with contribution to the development of obesity and other nutritional disorders. Methods: A total of 362 patients with the diagnosis of ADHD and 390 children without any chronic disease were included to the study. We evaluated the anthropometric measurements for all cases. Results: The overweight/obese cases according to weight for height (WFH) and body mass index scores were more likely in ADHD cases than control group. Malnourished cases according to WFH were more common in ADHD cases. Patients with weight standard deviation scores between <-2 and >2 were significantly higher in ADHD cases than the control group patients. Conclusion: Frequency of malnutrition and overweight/obese patients was found higher in ADHD cases compared with control group, and this situation suggested that ADHD is a risk factor for the development of eating disorders.Öğe No evidence of androgenic neurosteroid involvement in pediatric OCD(Elsevier Science Bv, 2015) Erbay, Lale Gonenir; Ozcan, Ozlem Ozel; Kartalci, Sukru; Yuksel, Tugba; Kutuk, Meryem OzlemCertain androgenic neurosteroids have been shown to have a relationship with anxiety disorders in adults. Demonstrating these changes in pediatric patients as well is important in terms of elucidating the etiology of these disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the testosterone, DHEA-S and cortisol levels in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients. A total of 39 pediatric OCD patients aged 7-16 years and 34 healthy children of similar age and gender were included in this study. Serum total testosterone, DHEA-S and cortisol levels were measured by using the ELISA method and their relationship with clinical data was investigated. No statistically significant difference was found between the patient and control groups in terms of testosterone, DHEA-A and cortisol levels in the analyses performed (p=0.175, p=0.642. p=0.842. respectively). The results of this first study have revealed that testosterone, DHEA-S and cortisol levels in pediatric OCD patients are not different than in the controls. However, the fact that these neurosteroid levels have been found to differ between adult patients and controls previously indicates that neurosteroid changes may be a finding that appears during the course of anxiety disorders. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Öğe Paediatric trauma patients and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: correlation and significance(Bmj Publishing Group, 2012) Ertan, Cem; Ozcan, Ozlem Ozel; Pepele, Mustafa SafaIntroduction Trauma is one of the leading reasons for emergency department (ED) visits in children. Hyperactivity, inattentiveness and impulsiveness may contribute to injury proneness. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and role of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with trauma. Methods Trauma patients aged 3-17 attending the ED were included in the study group. Parents were informed after medical care had been given to their children, and demographic data and information about the trauma were collected. Later, parents were asked to complete the Conners' Parent Rating Scales-Revised questionnaire for ADHD symptoms. The control group consisted of children of similar age and sociocultural characteristics who attended the hospital for reasons other than trauma. Cases in which the child apparently had no active role in the trauma or where the parents did not complete the Conners' Parent Rating Scales-Revised questionnaire were excluded from the study. Results Fifty-five children were included in the study group (mean age 7.49 (range 3-14; SD 3.3); 33 (60%) were male). The control group was statistically similar to the study group. The most common trauma mechanism was falls (n = 31, 56.4%). All the subscale scores were significantly higher in the study group, and previous trauma-related ED visits were associated with significantly higher subscale scores. Conclusion The data suggest that children who make repeated trauma-related ED visits have a predisposition to ADHD, and they may benefit from screening for this disorder while in the ED.Öğe The predictive effect of internet addiction and psychiatric disorders on traditional peer bullying(Cumhuriyet Univ Tip Fak Psikiyatri Anabilim Dali, 2020) Karatoprak, Serdar; Donmez, Yunus Emre; Ozcan, Ozlem OzelObjective: Traditional peer bullying (TPB) is a worldwide problem and 20-56% of adolescents are thought to be affected. Some studies suggest that internet addiction may be related to negative behaviors such as bullying. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of TPB in the clinical psychiatric sample of adolescents and to investigate the predictive effect of age, gender, psychiatric diseases and (internet addiction) IA on roles in TPB. Methods: This cross-sectional study conducted with 214 adolescents in the age range of 12-16 years. Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version were used for psychiatric evaluations of the participants. Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire (OBVQ) and Young Internet Addiction Scale were carried out to all participants. The predictive effect of age, gender, IA and psychiatric disorders on roles in TPB was evaluated by multinomial logistic regression analysis. Results: The mean age of the participants was 14.5 years. According to the results of the OBVQ, 49% of the participants were involved in TPB (victims: 35%, bullies: 14%). Regression analysis revealed that age and gender had no effect on roles in TPB, but IA had a predictive effect on both victimization (p<0.001) and bullying (p<0.001). It was found that depressive disorder had a predictive role in victims (p<0.05) and disruptive behavior disorders (DBD) had a predictive role in bullies (p<0.05). Discussion: Peer bullying was a serious problem (one of two adolescents) in psychiatric clinical population of adolescents and IA positively predicted being a victim and a bully. When peer bullying was evaluated by roles, it was observed that psychiatric problems related to these roles were different. Depressive disorder has predictive effect in victims and disruptive behavior disorder in bullies. The findings of this study may be useful in the development of prevention and intervention programs for adolescents affected by TPB.Öğe Prevalence of childhood affective disorders in turkey: An epidemiological study(ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS, 2018) Yildiz, Dilsad Miniksar; Bayhan, Pelin Con; Ozcan, Ozlem OzelAim: To determine the prevalence of affective disorders in Turkey among a representative sample of Turkish population. Methods: This study was conducted as a part of the "The Epidemiology of Childhood Psychopathology in Turkey" (EPICPAT-T) Study, which was designed by the Turkish Association of Child and Adolescent Mental Health. The inclusion criterion was being a student between the second and fourth grades in the schools assigned as study centers. The assessment tools used were the K-SADS-PL, and a sociodemographic form that was designed by the authors. Impairment was assessed via a 3 point-Likert type scale independently rated by a parent and a teacher. Results: A total of 5842 participants were included in the analyses. The prevalence of affective disorders was 2.5 % without considering impairment and 1.6 % when impairment was taken into account. In our sample, the diagnosis of bipolar disorder was lacking, thus depressive disorders constituted all the cases. Among depressive disorders with impairment, major depressive disorder (MDD) (prevalence of 1.06%) was the most common, followed by dysthymia (prevalence of 0.2%), adjustment disorder with depressive features (prevalence of 0.17%), and depressive disorder-NOS (prevalence of 0.14%). There were no statistically significant gender differences for depression. Maternal psychopathology and paternal physical illness were predictors of affective disorders with pervasive impairment. Conclusion: MDD was the most common depressive disorder among Turkish children in this nationwide epidemiological study. This highlights the severe nature of depression and the importance of early interventions. Populations with maternal psychopathology and paternal physical illness may be the most appropriate targets for interventions to prevent and treat depression in children and adolescents.Öğe Psychiatric morbidity in children and adolescents with dermatological disorders(Exeley Inc, 2021) Miniksar, Dilsad Yildiz; Ozcan, Ozlem Ozel; Cenk, Hulya; Kapicioglu, Yelda; Polat, AysegulBackground: Understanding the existence of a cycle, where psychological disturbances cause skin diseases and in turn, skin diseases cause psychological disorders, provides the basis for good dermatological practice. Objective: The aim of this case-control study is to examine the psychiatric morbidity of dermatological disorders in children and adolescents with no history of psychiatric disorders. Method: In this study, 502 participants (251 patients and 251 healthy individuals) were evaluated according to DSM-IV criteria. All participants were interviewed and evaluated using the Turkish version of the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia -Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAI-1 and STAI-2), the Childhood Depression Inventory (CDI), adolescent and parent forms of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ-A and SDQ-P) and a questionnaire evaluating child's level of school success. Results: Our results indicated that the rates of general psychiatric comorbidity, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and adjustment disorders were significantly higher in the study group compared to the control group. The CDI, STAI-1, STAI-2, and SDQ (and subscales) scores were significantly higher in the study group. Moreover, psychiatric comorbidity was higher in inflammatory and allergic dermatoses compared to other dermatological subgroups. Having a dermatological disease restricts physical activity thus increasing the risk of psychiatric comorbidity. Conclusions: Investigating the education, attitudes, and awareness of dermatologists about psychocutaneous disorders might contribute to the development of new educational strategies and elicit appropriate biopsychosocial approaches.Öğe Stuttering after testosterone administration: A case report(Cumhuriyet Univ Tip Fak Psikiyatri Anabilim Dali, 2012) Kartalci, Sukru; Erbay, Lale Gonenir; Ozcan, Ozlem Ozel; Yuksel, Tugba; Unal, SuheylaStuttering is defined as a disturbance in the normal fluency and time patterning of speech. There are two kinds of stuttering: developmental and acquired. However, the etiology of stuttering is controversial; it is well known that the sex of the patient clearly influences stuttering. There is a higher incidence of stuttering in males than in females. Furthermore, although stuttering is common in children, it often resolves before adulthood in especially females. Environmental influences, such as stressful social situations which are associated with elevated androgen secretion, may also contribute to the persistence of stuttering. Considering all this together, one of the reasons underlying this gender difference in stuttering may be sex hormones. Acquired stuttering can occur at all ages and can be caused by pharmacological agents. Testosterone is an androgenic drug that has diverse side-effects, but an extensive review of the literature has failed to show stuttering as one of the complications. We present a case in which testosterone was implicated as a potential cause of stuttering. (Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry 2012;13:82-84)Öğe Testosterone and DHEA-S levels with chronic tic disorder in children(Elsevier Science Bv, 2016) Erbay, Lale Gonenir; Kartalci, Sukru; Ozcan, Ozlem Ozel; Demir, Arzu Caliskan; Uyumlu, Ayse Burcin; Kutuk, Meryem OzlemThe neurobiological basis of tic disorders is thought to be a series of interactions including genetic, environmental and gender related factors. Being male is thought to be an especially important risk factor in the pathogenesis of tics. Our aim in this study was to investigate gender-related hormones such as testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) and cortisol in tic patients. A total of 26 patients who had not entered puberty and had been diagnosed with chronic tic disorder and 25 healthy children were included in the study, Serum total testosterone, cortisol and DHEA-S levels were measured and the relationship with clinical data was investigated. The testosterone and DHEA-S levels of the patient group were higher than that of the control group (P=0.019, P=0.025) but no statistical difference was found between the cortisol levels (P=0.642). No statistical correlation was found between total tic severity, general disturbance, movement tic subscale scores and the DHEA-S (P=0.77, P=0.45, P=0.819 respectively) and testosterone levels (P=0.954, P=0.669, P=0.909 respectively). The results of this study reveal an elevation of testosterone and DHEA-S levels in patients. Future studies with a larger number of patients are likely to help elucidate the importance of these androgens in tic disorder. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Öğe Testosterone levels of children with a diagnosis of developmental stuttering(Dove Medical Press Ltd, 2015) Selcuk, Engin Burak; Erbay, Lale Gonenir; Ozcan, Ozlem Ozel; Kartalci, Sukru; Batcioglu, KadirBackground: Stuttering is defined as a disruption in the rhythm of speech and language articulation, where the subject knows what he/she wants to say, but is unable to utter the intended word or phrase fluently. The effect of sex on development and chronicity of stuttering is well known; it is more common and chronic in males. We aimed to investigate the relationship between developmental stuttering and serum testosterone levels in this study. Materials and methods: In this study, we evaluated a total of 50 children (7-12 years of age); eight (16%) were female and 42 (84%) were male. Twenty-five children who stutter and 25 typically fluent peers with the same demographic properties (ages between 7 years and 12 years) were included in this study. The testosterone levels of the two groups were determined in terms of nanogram per milliliter (ng/mL) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The difference between the means of the two groups was analyzed. Results: The medians of the testosterone levels of the stutterer and control groups were determined as 20 ng/mL (range =12-184 ng/mL) and 5 ng/mL (range =2-30 ng/mL), respectively. Testosterone levels of the stutterer group were significantly higher than in the control group (P=0.001). Besides, there was a significant correlation between the severity of the stuttering and testosterone levels in the stutterer group (P=0.0001). Conclusion: The findings of this study show that testosterone may have an effect on the severity of developmental stuttering and on the clinical differences between sexes. However, further investigations are needed to show that testosterone may play a role in the etiology of developmental stuttering.Öğe Vestibular Evaluation of Children Diagnosed with Specific Learning Disorder(Aves, 2023) Demir, Ismail; Cengiz, Deniz Ugur; Demir, Arzu caliskan; Colak, Sanem Can; Birisik, Suemeyye Demirel; Ozcan, Ozlem OzelObjective:The aim of this study was to determine the vestibular function of children diag-nosed with specific learning disorders (SLD). Methods: This study was conducted with 30 children diagnosed with SLD and 30 healthy children matched for age and sex, and vestibular tests were applied. Results: Optokinetic and head shake test values in videonystagmography subtests were found to be pathological in the study group, and the lateral asymmetry value in video head impulse test (v-HIT) was found to be significantly higher in the study group. Also, a significant difference was found in the N1 latency, P1-N1 interlatency, P1-N1 amplitude values in the cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential test, and asymmetry values in the ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential test. Conclusion:The current study showed that vestibular functions may differ from normal in SLD patients and that vestibular dysfunction may play a role in symptoms such as postural instability, balance, and gross and fine motor disorders that are frequently observed in these children.
