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    Beijing W and major spoligotype families of mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated from tuberculosis patients in eastern Turkey
    (New Microbiologica, 2009) Otlu, Barış; Durmaz, Rıza; Günal, Selami; Sola, Christophe; Zozio, Thierry; Rastogi, Nalin
    The aim of this study was to determine the Beijing/W family and major phylogenetic clades of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains of tuberculosis patients in a city with a tuberculosis incidence higher than the country average. A total of 220 M. tuberculosis strains isolated over a period of more than four years were typed by spoligotyping. Spoligotyping resulted in 64 different patterns, 38 (17.3%) of which were unique, and 26 were clusters including 182 (82.7%) strains. The major shared types were ST 53 (n=55, 25%), ST 41 (LAM7-TUR; n=19, 8.6%), and ST 284 (n=15, 6.8%). The major clades observed ranked in the following order: ill-defined T superfamily (n=112, 50.9%); LatinoAmerican-Mediterranean (LAM; n=33, 15%); Haarlem (n=24, 10.9%); and the S family (n=9, 4.1%). Three strains were in the Beijing family. A high number of strains (33 strains) showed patterns that did not fall within any of the major clades described. M. tuberculosis strains in Malatya have both STs showing a widespread distribution over the world and those restricted to this city, confirming the highly diverse nature of tuberculosis. Our results suggest that the Beijing clade, which is more prevalent among the strains with MDR and isoniazid resistance, is currently not a problem in Eastern Turkey.
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    Beijing/w and major spoligotype families of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated from tuberculosis patients in Eastern Turkey
    (Edizioni Int Srl, 2009) Otlu, Baris; Durmaz, Riza; Gunal, Selami; Sola, Christophe; Zozio, Thierry; Rastogi, Nalin
    The aim of this study was to determine the Beijing/W family and major phylogenetic clades of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains Of tuberculosis patients in a city with a tuberculosis incidence higher than the country average. A total of 220 M. tuberculosis strains isolated over a period of more than four years were typed by spoligotyping. Spoligotyping resulted in 64 different patterns, 38 (17.3%) of which were unique, and 26 were clusters including 182 (82.7%) strains. The major shared types were ST 53 (n=55, 25%), ST 41 (LAM7-TUR; n=19, 8.6%), and ST 284 (n=15, 6.8%). The major clades observed ranked in the following order: ill-defined T superfamily (n=112, 50.9%); Latino-American-Mediterranean (LAM; n=33, 15%); Haarlem (n=24, 10.9%); and the S family (n=9, 4.1%). Three strains were in the Beijing family. A high number of strains (33 strains) showed patterns that did not fall within any of the major clades described. M. tuberculosis strains in Malatya have both STs showing a widespread distribution over the world and those restricted to this city, confirming the highly diverse nature of tuberculosis. Our results Suggest that the Beijing clade, which is more prevalent among the strains with MDR and isoniazid resistance, is currently not a problem in Eastern Turkey.
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    Population-based molecular epidemiological study of tuberculosis in Malatya, Turkey
    (Amer Soc Microbiology, 2007) Durmaz, Riza; Zozio, Thierry; Gunal, Selami; Allix, Caroline; Fauville-Dufaux, Maryse; Rastogi, Nalin
    This investigation describes drug resistance patterns and genotyping data on a total of 145 Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated between 2000 and 2004 in Malatya, Turkey. Drug susceptibility results indicated a total of 20% resistant and 4.8% of multidrug-resistant isolates. Spoligotyping resulted in 25 unique patterns and 120 strains in 19 clusters (2 to 33 strains per cluster). When the results were compared to an international spoligotyping database, 19 of 25 unique patterns matched existing shared spoligotype international types (SITs). This led to the description of 38 SITs with 139 strains and 6 orphan patterns (not previously reported). Five of the SITs (SIT759, SIT1936, SIT1937, SIT1938, and SIT2285) were newly created. The most prevalent spoligotype was SIT41 (LAM7-TUR) with 33 (23.9%) isolates. The repartition of strains according to major M. tuberculosis clades (in decreasing order) was as follows: ill-defined T clade (45.7%) > Latin American and Mediterranean (LAM; 29%) > Haarlem (15.9%). Strains belonging to Central Asian (CAS), East-African Indian (EAI), Beijing, and Africanum clades were absent in this setting. IS6110-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) resulted in 19 clusters (52 strains), with a final clustering rate of 35.9% and a recent transmission rate of 22.8%. Typing based on mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units (MIRUs) permitted us to identify 65 patterns (23 orphan patterns and 42 patterns that matched existing MIRU international types in an updated database). The combination of the three typing methods allowed us to calculate a final clustering rate of 22% and a significantly lower transmission rate of 13.1%. The discrimination achieved by IS6110-RFLP/MIRUs was not significantly improved by adding spolligotyping results (1.4%). We conclude that our patient population is infected by diverse M. tuberculosis populations; however, the majority of the ongoing transmission is due to evolutionary recent tuberculosis lineages belonging to principal genetic group 2 (PGG2; Haarlem and LAM) and PGG3 (ill-defined T clade), and most of it is attributable to the LAM7-TUR sublineage with an enhanced phylogeographical specificity for Turkey. An absence of lineages belonging to PGG1 clones (EAI, CAS, and Beijing, essentially found in Central, South, and Southeast Asia), is noteworthy.