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Öğe Acute traumatic diaphragmatic ruptures: A retrospective study of 48 cases(Springer, 2011) Dirican, Abuzer; Yilmaz, Mehmet; Unal, Bulent; Piskin, Turgut; Ersan, Veysel; Yilmaz, SezaiPurpose. Traumatic diaphragmatic rupture (TDR) is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, and the preoperative diagnosis is difficult. Methods. Forty-eight patients with TDR were treated in our department between January 2000 and May 2009. The cause, location, size of rupture, associated morbidity and mortality, surgical material for repair, and predictive factors for overall outcome were evaluated. Results. There were 41 male patients (85%) and 7 female patients (15%) with a mean age of 33.8 years (range 17-69 years). Blunt trauma accounted for the injuries of 15 patients (31%) and 33 patients (68%) had penetrating injuries. The diagnosis was preoperatively established in 12 patients (25%) with a plain chest X-ray or/and computed tomography. The location of rupture was on the left side of the diaphragm in 35 patients (73%), on the right side in 10 (21%), and was bilateral in 3 patients (6%). Traumatic diaphragmatic rupture was repaired with interrupted nonabsorbable sutures or polypropylene mesh (8 patients). Postoperative complications were observed in 18 patients (38%). Overall mortality was observed in 7 patients (15%). The mortality was associated with hemorrhagic shock (P = 0.002), a high injury severity score (P = 0.002), and having additional injuries (P = 0.015). Conclusion. The outcome of the patients is associated with presence of hemorrhagic shock, a high injury severity score, and additional organ injury.Öğe Aim: In the present study, we aimed to compare Dexmedetomidine-Remifentanil and Propofol-Remifentanil combinations in terms of postoperative cognitive functions in hysteroscopy attempts. Material and Methods: A total of 70 ASA I-II patients who were aged between 18 and 65 years were included in the study following the ethics committee approval. The patients were randomized into two groups (n=35), and standard routine monitoring were applied to them. The sedation depth was evaluated with Ramsey Sedation Score (RSS) before and after the sedation; and cognitive functions of the groups were evaluated with the Minimal Mental State Test (MMST). Propofol 1 mg/kg bolus 25-100 µg/kg/min infusion was administered to Group PR, and Dexmedetomidine 1 µg/kg bolus 0.4-0.7 µg/ kg/h infusion dose was administered to Group DR. Remifentanil 0.25 µg/kg bolus 0.04 µg /kg/min infusion was administered to the groups, and the groups were followed to ensure RSS≥4. Result: In cognitive functions, it was observed that there was significant regression in Group PR in postoperative period compared to the preoperative period (p<0.05). The hemodynamic parameters were lower in Group DR than in Group PR at 5th, 10th and 15th minutes following the hysteroscopy (p<0.05). The Modified Aldrete Score in Group DR were high, and pain scores were lower (p<0.05). Satisfaction with the surgeon, patient and anesthetist scores were higher in Group DR. No respiratory depression was observed (p<0.05). Conclusion: We believe that administering Dexmedetomidine-Remifentanil combination in sedation in hysteroscopy ensures better postoperative cognitive function, recovery conditions, analgesia, and patient and surgeon satisfaction compared to the PropofolRemifentanil combination.(2019) Gonultas, Fatih; Kutluturk, Koray; Barut, Bora; Dalda, Yasin; Alan, Saadet; Unal, BulentAim: To compare thyroid fine-needle aspiration biopsy with histopathological examination results. Material and Methods: Postoperative histopathological examination results of 361 patients, who were thyroidectomized between December 2010 and October 2017 in Inonu University Turgut Ozal Medical Center Department of General Surgery and whose preoperative FNAB registries we could reach were evaluated retrospectively. Biopsies made in external centers were included in preoperative FNAB results. FNAB results were examined according to Bethesda 2007 in 6 categories: unsatisfactory, benign, atypia of undetermined significance, follicular lesion-neoplasm or suspicious for a neoplasm, suspicious for malignancy and malignant. Histopathological results of patients with incidental malignancy were presumed benign. Results: Among the 361 patients that were included in the study, 274 were female (75.9%), 87 were male(24.1%). Mean age of the patients in the benign group was 49.1±12.5 years, and 48.6±13.5 years in the malignant group. It was found that FNAB’s sensitivity was 83.9 %, specificity was 92.4%, false positive rate was 16.1% and false negative rate was 7.6%. Conclusion: FNAB is reported as the gold standard for preoperative evaluation of thyroid nodules. In our study, however, it was seen that FNAB was not adequate alone to detect malignancy. This situation suggests the importance of collaboration between radiologist, cytopathologist and clinician.Öğe The causes of death-censored graft loss among kidney transplant recipients(2024) Ciftci, Felat; Simsek, Arife; Piskin, Turgut; Unal, Bulent; Dogan, Sait Murat; Ulutas, Ozkan; Tabel, YilmazAim: This study presents the causes of death-censored graft loss among kidney transplant recipients. Materials and Methods: Medical records of the patients, who had undergone kidney transplantation at a tertiary center between November 2010 and December 2018, were retrospectively reviewed. Death-censored graft loss was described as an irreversible graft failure signified by return to long-term dialysis (or re-transplantation). Inclusion criteria were: patients who had undergone kidney transplantation, and subsequently lost their first graft, and a follow-up of more than one year after kidney transplantation. Results: Of 269 kidney transplant recipients, 33 recipients with a mean age of 33.54 ± 15.37 years (17 male and 16 female) were included in the study. The rate of death-censored graft loss was 12.26%. Of graft failures, 3.03% occurred in the hyperacute phase, 18.18% in the acute phase, and 78.78% in the chronic phase. Chronic allograft nephropathy was the leading cause of graft failure (48.48%). Other causes were medical problems (18.18), immunological problems (18.18%) and surgical complications (15.15%). Conclusion: Identification of the true causes of graft failure described under the heading chronic allograft nephropathy is noteworthy. Comprehensive biochemical, physiological, pathological, immunological, and genetÖğe CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGIC FEATURES ASSOCIATED WITH REMOVAL OF FEWER THAN 10 LYMPH NODES IN AXILLARY LYMPH NODE DISSECTION FOR BREAST CANCER(Aves, 2011) Unal, Bulent; Polat, Ayfer Kamali; Andacoglu, Oya; Bonaventura, Marguerite; Gur, Serhat; Soran, AtillaBackground: Current guidelines suggest that when performing axillary lymph node dissection for treatment of breast cancer, a minimum of 10 lymph nodes should be removed to allow for accurate pathologic staging to guide the treatment decision regarding the adjuvant treatment. The purpose of this study is to identify clinical and pathologic factors associated with retrieval of fewer than 10 lymph nodes in completion axillary lymph node dissection (CALND) performed for patients with breast cancer who had sentinel lymph node (SLN) metastasis. Materials and Methods: Patients with breast cancer who underwent SLN mapping and subsequent CALND at UPMC Magee-Womens Hospital were identified using the tumor registry database. Patients were divided into two groups according to the total number of nodes dissected. One group was comprised of patients in who had 10 or more lymph node dissection after SLN positivity while the other group comprised of the patients with fewer than 10 nodes dissected. We evaluated a number of clinical and pathological variables with their association with number of lymph nodes retrieved. These variables included patient age, timing of axillary surgery, neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT), tumor characteristics and SLN characteristics. Results: Three hundred seventy three patients underwent immediate or delayed completion level I-II axillary lymph node dissection after SLN biopsy demonstrated metastasis. The mean age of the patients was 53 (range 29-84) years. Fifty-four patients underwent NCT. Following SLN pathologic examination, immediate CALND was performed for 35.4% of patients and delayed CALND for 53.9% of all patients. By univariate analysis, following factors had significant association with dissection of fewer than 10 lymph nodes: NCT, tumor size, delayed CALND, and SLN micrometastases (p< 0.05). By multivariate analysis, NCT and SLN micrometastases were significantly associated with retrieval of fewer than 10 lymph nodes. Conclusion: In patients who have undergone CALND after identification of SLN metastasis, we found NCT and SLN micrometastases were associated with dissection of fewer than 10 axillary lymph nodes.Öğe Coexistence of hashimoto s thyroiditis with papillary thyroid carcinoma: a single center experience(2017) Unal, Bulent; Kutluturk, Koray; Cetin, SedatAim: A positive correlation between Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is determinated in studies based on histopathological examination of the thyroidectomy materials, but this correlation is not determinated in studies based on Fine Niddle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAB). In this study, the histopathologic results of bilateral total thyroidectomy (TT) specimens were studied for outcomes of PTC association with HT and its relationship with clinical and pathological prognostic factors.Öğe Controlling massive hemorrhage from the retropancreatic portal vein as a complication of thromboendovenectomy during liver transplantation with balloon catheter tamponade: how to do it(Springer, 2014) Aydin, Cemalettin; Ersan, Veysel; Baskiran, Adil; Unal, Bulent; Kayaalp, Cuneyt; Yilmaz, SezaiWe herein describe two cases of liver transplantation with portal vein thrombosis. In both cases, a tear advancing to the retropancreatic area occurred during portal vein thrombectomy. Hemorrhage from the limited visibility retropancreatic area made it impossible to stop the bleeding by clamping or direct suturing, and the clamping and suturing efforts actually increased the hemorrhage, possibly due to the damaged and thin portal vein wall. First, finger compression over the retropancreatic area was employed to stop the bleeding, then a Foley urinary catheter was introduced into the portal vein under the finger. The balloon of the catheter was inflated with 8 cc of normal saline, and the finger was released. The bleeding was stopped temporarily, and two different venous conduits were sutured to the trimmed portal vein stump in a bloodless surgical area. The venous conduits were easily controlled with vascular clamps after deflating the balloon catheters, and implantation of the liver was then done in a standard manner. Balloon tamponade can be a lifesaving technique that can temporarily stop a hemorrhage to allow for definitive repair in cases of retropancreatic portal vein hemorrhage.Öğe Diffuse Cecal Ganglioneuromatosis in a Patient with von Reklinghausen's Disease: Case Report(Ortadogu Ad Pres & Publ Co, 2012) Dirican, Abuzer; Yilmaz, Mehmet; Unal, Bulent; Ates, Mustafa; Kirimlioglu, Hale; Yilmaz, SezaiA 41-year-old female with 'cafe au lait' and multiple skin neurofibromas was admitted with a complaint of constipation, abdominal pain and distention. The colonoscopic investigation was normal, however computed tomography revealed a mass in the cecal wall;Thereon, right hemicolectomy was performed to the patient. Histopathologic examination revealed ganglioneuromatosis of the cecum. There was not any recurrence after three years of follow-up. An intestinal manifestation of von Recklinghausen's disease should be kept in mind in a patient who has multiple neurofibromas and 'cafe au lait' spots with intractable constipation and intestinal obstruction.Öğe EARLY BILIARY COMPLICATIONS IN 128 CONSECUTIVE LIVING DONOR LIVER TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS PERFORMED IN ONE YEAR: A NEW SURGICAL TECHNIQUE.(John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2009) Kirimlioglu, Vedat; Yilmaz, Sezai; Yilmaz, Mehmet; Kayaalp, Cuneyt; Isik, Burak; Unal, Bulent; Kirimlioglu, Hale[Abstract Not Available]Öğe The Effect of Melatonin Against FK506-Induced Renal Oxidative Stress in Rats(Sage Publications Inc, 2011) Ara, Cengiz; Dirican, Abuzer; Unal, Bulent; Karabulut, Aysun Bay; Piskin, TurgutBackground: Nephrotoxicity is an important side effect of FK506 and oxidative stress has been considered as one of the possible mechanisms. The present investigation examines the ability of melatonin to protect against FK506-induced renal oxidative stress. Methods: Thirty rats were divided into 3 groups (n = 10 each group). Group A was the sham group. Group B received 14 days FK506 (5 mg/kg/d, intraperitoneally [i.p.]) and group C received FK506 (5 mg/kg/d, i.p.) together with melatonin (4 mg/kg, i.p.) for 14 days. Kidney tissues were harvested to determine the tissue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), total nitrite and nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Results: In group C, the levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6, and NO were lower than in the group B (P < .01, P < .03, and P < .04, respectively) and although MDA levels were lower than in group B, the differences were not statistically significant (P > .05). Conclusion: These results suggest that melatonin has protective effect against FK506-induced renal oxidative stress.Öğe Effects of infliximab on bacterial translocation in experimental acute necrotizing pancreatitis(Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications, 2012) Aydin, Sezai; Isik, A. Turan; Unal, Bulent; Comert, Bilgin; Ozyurt, Mustafa; Deveci, Salih; Ozgur, GokhanBackground & objectives: Translocation of bacteria from the gut is an important factor in the development of septic complications and mortality in acute pancreatitis (AP). The present study was designed to assess the effects of infliximab treatment on bacterial translocation (BT) in experimental acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=45) were allocated into three groups. AP was induced in group II (positive control, n=15) and group III (Infliximab; n=15) by retrograde injection of taurocholate into the common biliopancreatic duct. Group I rats (Sham; n=15) received normal saline infusion into the common biliopancreatic duct as placebo. Groups I and II were treated by normal saline and group HI was treated with infliximab intraperitoneally on 6, 30 and 54 h after induction of pancreatitis. All surviving animals were killed 60 h after the induction of pancreatitis, and specimens were collected for amylase measurement as well as histopathologic and microbiologic examinations. Results: Oedema, acinar cell necrosis, inflammatory infiltration, haemorrhage, fat necrosis and perivascular inflammation in group III rats were decreased with infliximab treatment when compared with group II (P<0.001). BT to mesentery lymph node in groups I, II and III were 20, 100 and 46 per cent, respectively. BT to peritoneum and pancreas in group III was lower than group II (P<0.05). Interpretation & conclusions: Infliximab administration resulted in beneficial effects on BT and histopathologic changes in the experimental necrotizing pancreatitis. Whether anti-TNF therapy has a role in prevention of complications of ANP needs to be established.Öğe Emergency Liver Resection with Staplers for Spontaneous Liver Haemorrhage in a Patient Receiving Anticoagulant Therapy(Hindawi Ltd, 2013) Kutluftirk, Koray; Soyer, Vural; Dirican, Abuzer; Unal, Bulent; Aydin, Cemalettin; Kayaalp, Cuneyt; Yilmaz, SezaiIntroduction. Emergency liver resection during active bleeding in a patient who takes anticoagulant therapy is a complicated and high-risk surgery. Aim. We described a technique that is combination of staplers, total hepatic vascular occlusion, and hemostatic agent (TachoSil) application for safe and quick hepatectomy. Patient and Method. A 72-year-old woman who uses warfarin regularly due to valvuloplasty admitted emergency unit with abdominal pain and shock. At admission, her hemoglobin, hematocrit, and INR values were 5.2g/dL, 14.9%, and 6.7, respectively. Radiologic evaluation revealed abdominal free fluid and a liver lesion on segments V, VI, and VII. Emergency laparotomy was required. There was an active bleeding from a liver hematoma that could not be controlled by packing, and an urgent hepatic resection was required. Under total hepatic vascular occlusion, segments V, VI, and VII were resected with endoscopic nonvascular staplers. Cut surface of the liver was coagulated with bipolar cautery and covered with a hemostatic material. Results. Hepatectomy took six minutes, and the duration of surgery was 80 minutes. There was no complication and no transfusion required after surgery, and the patient was discharged on 8th day, uneventfully. Conclusion. Emergency hepatectomy with staplers, under vascular control with hemostatic agents, provided a rapid and safe surgery.Öğe A giant retroperitoneal lipoma case with recurrent course(Int Scientific Literature, Inc, 2008) Dirican, Abuzer; Unal, Bulent; Aydin, Cemalettin; Unal, Demet; Kirimlioglu, VedatBackground: Retroperitoneal lipomas are very rare cases and most of them are reported as liposarcoma. We want to present a giant retroperitoneal lipoma case with recurrent course that reported as lipoma in two histopathological examinations after primary and recurrent resection. Case Report: The blood laboratory tests of a 67 year old woman who applied to hospital with constipation and abdominal swelling complaints were assessed to be normal. Retroperitoneal located mass of 43x30X14 cm in fat density was detected in abdominal computerized tomography (CT). After fine needle aspiration biopsy, the mass was found to be compatible with lipoma. Mass excision was performed on the patient (5450 gr). Histopathological examination was reported to be lipoma. The patient applied to the clinic with recurrent retroperitoneal lipoma in the postoperative first year. Second histopathological examination was reported to be compatible with lipoma. Mass was not detected in the first year check of the patient in follow-up. Conclusions: Indeed retroperitoneal lipomas are benign character, this lesions require close follow up due to their possibility of recurrence.Öğe Inhibition of focal adhesion kinase with her-2 targeted antibody pertuzumab (Omnitarg®, 2C4) in breast cancer cells(Gene Therapy Press, 2008) Canbay, Emel; Gur-Dedeoglu, Bala; Bozkurt, Betul; Karabeyoglu, Melih; Unal, Bulent; Yildirim, Osman; Cengiz, OmerPertuzumab (Omnitarg (R), 2C4) is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody targeted to extracellular region of HER-2. Previous results proved the inhibitory effect of Pertuzumab on the survival of breast cancer cells via MAPK and AM pathway. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) regulates multiple cellular processes including growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility and apoptosis. Here, we aimed to investigate the effects of Pertuzumab on ligand activated total FAK expression and phosphorylation in the HER-2 overexpressing BT-474 breast cancer cell line. Heregulin,vas used for ligand activation. We have found that FAK expression and phosphorylation were inhibited in with Pertuzumab in breast cancer cells.Öğe INITIAL EXPERIENCES OF POST TRANSPLANTATION URETERAL STENOSIS OF SINGLE TRANSPLANATION CENTER(Wiley, 2013) Unal, Bulent; Piskin, Turgut; Mamedov, Ruslan; Sahin, Idris; Yilmaz, Sezai[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Intestinal Perforation In The Hernia Sac Due To A Blunt Trauma: A Case Report(Pera Yayincilik Hizmetleri, 2009) Dirican, Abuzer; Ara, Cengiz; Unal, Bulent; Ozgur, DincerInguinal hernia is one of the most common forms of hernias. The complications such as necrosis or perforation of intestine in the hernia sac result in hazardous conditions, A blunt trauma to the inguinal area may cause intestinal perforation in the presence of an inguinal hernia as our case.Öğe Is Cetrimide-Chlorhexidine Risky for Secondary Sclerosing Cholangitis?(Wroclaw Medical Univ, 2014) Aydin, Cemalettin; Kayaalp, Cuneyt; Nessar, Gurel; Zengin, Neslihan; Balkan, Mujdat; Unal, Bulent; Ozgurtas, TanerBackground. The liver is the most frequent organ for placement of hydatid cyst disease. All known protoscolicidals that are used for echinococcus degeneration have a risk of caustic secondary sclerosing cholangitis. The cetrimide-chlorhexidine combination is an effective protoscolicidal agent for treatment of hydatid liver cysts. Objectives. The aim of this experimental study was to examine this combination for potential risks of caustic secondary sclerosing cholangitis. Material and Methods. Thirty rats were enrolled and divided into two groups. In the study group, 0.15 mL of a cetrimide (0.5%) and chlorhexidine (0.05%) combination was injected into the bile ducts for five minutes. The control group included the same amount of normal saline and waiting period. The rats were followed for 120 days and the living rats were examined for biliary injury by biochemical analysis and histopathology. Results. No specific histopathological findings for caustic sclerosing cholangitis such as bile duct stricture or periductal fibrosis were present in any groups. Other pathological criteria demonstrating inflammation including portal inflammation, bile duct proliferation and necrosis were similar in both groups. Biochemical analysis including a liver function test (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase) appeared similar to the control group. Conclusions. A cetrimide 0.5% and chlorhexidine 0.05% combination has similar liver function results and histopathological effects to normal saline on bile ducts and it appears to be safe for bile ducts.Öğe Liver Transplantation From an Upper Mid line Incision(Baskent Univ, 2011) Kayaalp, Cuneyt; Aydin, Cemalettin; Unal, Bulent; Baskiran, Adil; Ozgor, Dincer; Aydinli, Bulent; Yilmaz, SezaiObjectives: To evaluate the minimally invasive incision to the recipient of a liver transplant. Materials and Methods: A 55-year-old man with cirrhosis due to hepatitis B accompanied by hepatocellular carcinoma underwent a right lobe, living-donor liver transplant using an 18-cm long, upper midline incision. The recipient hepatectomy was performed from the left to the right side (from medial to lateral). Deep retractors and long surgical instruments were preferred. Results: The surgical procedure was completed without problem. Both the recipient hepatectomy and implantation of the right liver took 8 hours. Postoperative recovery of the patient was rapid, and he was discharged 8 days after surgery, uneventfully. Conclusions: An upper midline incision can be preferred for liver transplant for selected cases. Minimally invasive surgery is an option for liver transplant recipients as well.Öğe Living donor liver transplantation with replacement of vena cava for Echinococcus alveolaris: A case report(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2014) Mamedov, Ruslan; Noyruzov, Namig; Baskiran, Adil; Yetisir, Fahri; Unal, Bulent; Aydin, Cemalettm; Bayramov, NuruINTRODUCTION: There is no medical treatment for alveolar echinococceal disease (AED) of liver till now. Curative surgical resection is optimal treatment but in most advanced cases curative resection can't be done. Liver transplantation is accepted treatment option for advanced AED. AED in some case invade surrounding tissue especially inferior vena cava (IVC). Advanced AED with invasion to IVC can be treated with deceased liver transplantation. Although living donor liver transplantation is very difficult to perform in patients with advanced AED with resected IVC, it come into consideration, since there is very few cadaveric liver. PRESENTATION OF CASE: Here we present a case with advanced stage of AED of liver which cause portal hypertension and cholestasis. AED invaded surrounding tissue, right diaphragm, both lobes of liver and retrohepatic part of IVC. Invasion of IVC forced us to make resection of IVC and reconstruction with cryopreserved venous graft to reestablish blood flow. After that a living donor liver transplantation was done. DISCUSSION: Curative surgery is the first-choice option in all operable patients with AED of liver. Advanced stage of AED like chronic jaundice, liver abscess, sepsis, repeated attacks of cholangitis, portal hypertension, and Budd-Chiari syndrome may be an indication for liver transplantation. In some advanced stage AED during transplantation replacement of retrohepatic part of IVC could be done with artificial vascular graft, cadaveric aortic and caval vein graft. CONCLUSION: Although living donor liver transplantation with replacement of IVC is a very difficult operation, it should be considered in the management of advanced AED of liver with IVC invasion because of the rarity of deceased liver. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Surgical Associates Ltd.Öğe Living Related Donor Liver Transplantation with Atrio-Caval Anastomosis of Inferior Vena Cava Graft Stored in Deep-Freeze for Budd-Chiari Syndrome: A Case Report.(Wiley-Blackwell, 2014) Yaylak, Faik; Ince, Volkan; Barut, Bora; Unal, Bulent; Kilic, Mehmet; Yilmaz, Sezai[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Mortality after kidney transplantation: 10-year outcomes(Mexican Acad Surgery, 2022) Piskin, Turgut; Simsek, Arife; Murat-Dogan, Sait; Demirbas, Baha T.; Unal, Bulent; Yildirim, Ismail O.; Toplu, Sibel A.Objectives: In the past decade, advances in immunological therapy have increased the survival of kidney recipients and their grafts. However, it has not achieved the desired level of improvement. This study aims to reveal the mortality among kidney recipients. Methods: Medical data of the patients, who had undergone kidney transplantation (KT) between November 2010 and December 2020, were retrospectively reviewed. Inclusion criteria were adult kidney recipients, who had died. Exclusion criteria were pediatric recipients, recipients of en bloc and dual KT, recipients with missing data, and recipients with a primary non-functioning graft. The recipients were grouped according to their donor type; Group 1 (from a living donor) and Group 2 (from a deceased donor). Subgroup analyses were done for mortality by time-period post-transplant and for infectious causes of mortality. Results: Of 314 recipients, 35 (11.14%) died. Twenty-nine recipients were included in the study (Group 1: 17 and Group 2: 12). The most common cause of mortality was infection (58.6%), and the second was cardiovascular disease (CVD) (24.1%). Sepsis developed in 29.4% of infection-related deaths, while COVID-19 constituted 23.5% of infection-related deaths. Conclusion: Early diagnosis and treatment of infectious and CVD are important to improve survival in kidney recipients.
