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    ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIAL OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES PRODUCED BY APRICOT LEAF EXTRACT
    (2022) Baran, Ayşe; Yeşilada, Özfer
    Metallic nanoparticles are important substances in medicine. These particles could be prepared by various ways including green synthesis. The production of silver nanoparticles by plant extracts is widely used because of their environmentally friendly properties. In this study, silver nanoparticles have been synthesized by biological method and Apricot tree (Prunus armeniaca) leaf extract was used as reducing agent. The color change and formation of the characteristic absorption peak at 400-500 nm were the first indications of AgNP formation. XRD analysis showed the crystalline particles and obtained AgNPs were generally in spherical shape with the average particle size of 24 nm. Their antimicrobial activity studies against various pathogenic microorganisms showed that they have strong antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and antifungal activity against Candida albicans. The minimum inhibitory concentrations for E. coli, S. aureus and C. albicans were 0.125, 0.125 and 0.250 ?g/mL, respectively. The results confirmed that Prunus armeniaca leaf extract could be used to produce AgNPs with efficient antimicrobial activity.
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    Comparatively Investigation of Textile Dye Decolorization by a White Rot Fungus and Various Bacterial Strains
    (2021) Birhanlı, Emre; Yeşilada, Özfer; Çabuk, Ahmet; Boran, Filiz; Tatlıcı, Eray
    The aim of this study is to comparatively investigate the decolorization of Reactive Blue 171 (RB 171) by using three different bacterial strains as Bacillus megaterium A1 (A1), Gordonia sp. MC-D1 (D1), and Bacillus pumilus D3 (D3) and also a white rot fungus (Pleurotus ostreatus). All tested bacteria were incubated with RB 171 dye at 150 mg/L concentration for 24-72 h under static or agitated (150 rpm) conditions while the fungus was incubated with 150 mg/L of the dye under the same conditions for 3-24 h. The highest bacterial decolorization values were obtained after 72 h of incubation under static conditions, and the maximum decolorization rates were detected as 84, 83 and 75% for A1, D1, and D3, respectively. However, the color of RB 171 dye was removed at 93% rate by Pleurotus ostreatus under static conditions after 24 h of incubation. Similar results were also obtained from the agitated studies of the tested fungal and bacterial strains except A1. The maximum decolorization values obtained with A1, D1, and D3 at 150 rpm, 72 h were 30, 88 and 89%, respectively. The highest decolorization activities of Pleurotus ostreatus were 93% for both static and agitated (150 rpm) conditions. In addition, zymogram analyzes of the fungal culture fluids obtained from SBM, and SBM containing 150 mg/L RB 171 were also performed to detect the presence of laccase.
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    Decolorization of orange II dyey with the crude culture of white rot fungus, Coriolus versicolor
    (İnönü Üniversitesi, Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi, Biyoloji Bölümü, Malatya, Türkiye, 1998) Yeşilada, Özfer; Özcan, Birgül
    Decolorization of orange II dyey with the crude culture of white rot fungus, Coriolus versicolor Öz: Bu çalışmada beyaz çürükçül fungus olan Coriolus versicolor'un kültür filtratının Orange II boyasının renk giderimi üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Renk giderim hızı ve genişliğinin fungus ham kültür süzüntüsünün yaşına (üreme safhasına) bağlı olarak değiştiği saptanmıştır. 12 gün üretilmiş Funalia trogii, Pleurotus sajor-caju and Phanerochaete chrysosporium ME446'nın ham kültür filtratlarının da renk giderim yetenekleri araştırılmıştır. Phanerochaete chrysosporium ME446 kullanılan 4 boyanın hiçbirinin rengini giderememiştir. Enzim inhibitörü olan siyanid ve azid, kültür filtratının boya rengini giderim yeteneğini inhibe etmişlerdir. Kültür filtratının ısı ile muamelesi de renk giderim aktivitesini sonlandırmıştır Bu çalışmada elde edilen renk giderim aktivitesi mangan bağımsız bir aktivitedir ve veratril alkolün etkisi yoktur. Sonuçlar Orange II nin renginin gideriminde hem H O bağımlı ve hem de H O bağımsız enzimlerin rol oynayabileceğini göstermiştir. Ayrıca, bu çalışma kültür süzüntüsünün yaşı ile renk giderim aktivitesinin ilişkisini ortaya koyan ilk çalışmadır.
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    Delignifikasyon işleminde pleurotus türlerinin kullanımı üzerine araştırmalar
    (İnönü Üniversitesi, 1992) Yeşilada, Özfer
    [Abtsract Not Available]
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    LACCASE PRODUCTION BY NEWLY ISOLATED GANODERMA LUCIDUM WITH SOLID STATE FERMENTATION CONDITIONS AND ITS USING FOR DYE DECOLORIZATION
    (2022) Boran, Filiz; Yeşilada, Özfer
    Laccase production capacity of newly isolated fungus Ganoderma lucidum was studied during solid state fermentation on solid substrates. Because wheat bran was detected as the most effective solid substrate, effect of various culture parameters and some inducers on laccase production in wheat bran media was investigated. Wheat bran with moisture content of 75%, pH 5.0 and 30 °C was the most effective medium and 10 mM copper addition supported the highest amount of laccase. In glass tray fermenter 2973±220 U/L laccase activity was obtained. Crude laccase gave the highest activity at 70 °C. It was stable at 60°C for 6 hours and retained 37% activity at 70 °C for 2 hours. It decolorized 61% of Remazol Brilliant Blue R within 20 min. Results showed that this strain could produce high amount of laccase and suitable inducer such as copper could induce its laccase production. The crude laccase obtained could be used for textile dye decolorization applications.
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    Reactive dye decolorization activity of crude laccase enzyme from repeated-batch culture of Funalia trogii
    (Turkish Journal of Biology, 2014) Yeşilada, Özfer; Birhanlı, Emre; Ercan, Sinem; Özmen, Nesrin
    Abstract: The effect of various factors on dye decolorization activity of crude laccase enzyme from repeated-batch culture of Funalia trogii ATCC 200800 to obtain rapid and high decolorization activity against Reactive Black 5 and Reactive Blue 171 dyes was investigated. All conditions used were important for dye decolorizing activity of this crude laccase enzyme. The optimum pH of decolorization was tested at 30 °C and it was around 3.0. This activity was highly reduced at pH 4.5–6.0. On the other hand, the optimum temperature for rapid and high decolorization was 50 °C. Importantly, the decolorization rate of crude laccase at pH 4.5 and pH 6.0 increased with the rise in temperature from 30 °C to 50 °C. Therefore, high decolorization could be obtained at pH 4.5 and even pH 6.0 by selecting the proper temperature for these pH values. Enzyme amount also affected the dye decolorization positively. This crude laccase could also decolorize the mixed dyes (Reactive Black 5 and Reactive Blue 171) and synthetic wastewaters. Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed the responsibility of the laccase enzyme in decolorization. Rapid and high textile dye decolorization through the selection of appropriate conditions could facilitate the development of more economical and environmentally friendly processes.
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    A STUDY ON THE COLOR REMOVAL OF DIFFERENT FORON DYES BY USING THERMOFILIC AND MESOPHILIC BACILLUS SPECIES
    (2020) Boran, Filiz; Yeşilada, Özfer; Özdemir, Sadin
    Abstract: There is a significant increase in industrial activities due to the increasing population and demand. Textile and dye industries are also important groups of these industrial fields. In these fields, high amounts of dyes are used. After dyeing process, 10-15% of dyes are released into wastewaters. Existence of dyes in wastewaters is an undesired condition because they cause lots of diseases on living beings and also various problems on aquatic and terrestrial environments. Because disperse dyes do not show ionization in aquatic environments, they generally tend to bioaccumulation. Conventional biological wastewater treatment systems are not efficient for color removal of dyes. In this study, bacterial decolorization, which is an environmentally friendly and effective method, was investigated. For this aim, a thermophilic (Bacillus firmus) and a mesophilic bacterium (Bacillus subtilis) were tested in the color removal of various Foron textile dyes, a group of disperse dyes, such as Foron Brown (FB), Foron Black (FBL), Foron Turquoise (FT), Foron Violet (FV) and Foron Red (FR). The tested dyes (200 mg/L) were incubated with Bacillus species under the shaking condition for 24 h at various temperatures. Colors of all the dyes were efficiently removed by both bacterial species at the end of 24 h of incubation. The highest color removal rates of FB, FBL, FT, FV and FR treated with B. firmus were about 63, 87, 56, 77 and 74%, respectively. The maximum decolorization percentages of the same dyes incubated with B. subtilis were determined as 69, 80, 55, 73 and 59%, respectively.
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    Trametes versicolor ile lakkaz üretimi ve renk giderimi: Taguchi ve Box-Behnken yöntemlerinin uygulaması
    (2014) Gedıklı, Serap; Çelik, Pınar Aytar; Şahin, Yeliz Buruk; Apohan, Elif; Çabuk, Ahmet; Yeşilada, Özfer; Burnak, Nimetullah
    Amaç: Çalışmanın amacı, batık fermentasyon koşulları altında Trametes versicolor 2008001 suşu ile lakkaz üretimini araştırmaktır. Daha sonra üretilen lakkaz enzimi ile Box-Behnken metodu kullanılarak boyar madde dekolorizasyonunun optimizasyonu amaçlanmıştır.Metod: Yüksek aktivitede lakkaz enzimi üretimi için en uygun kültür koşulları, Taguchi yöntemi kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Deneyler L27 (35) ortogonal dizi düzeni ile 5 faktör (glukoz, maya özütü, CuSO4, inokulum miktarı ve pH) 3 düzey kullanılarak tasarlanmıştır. Daha sonra, elde edilen ham lakkaz ile Reaktif Mavi 49'un yüksek renk giderimi için en uygun koşullar, Box-Behnken yöntemi kullanılarak incelenmiştir.Bulgular: Yüksek aktiviteye sahip lakkaz enziminin üretimi için en uygun kültür koşulları, 2 g L-1 glukoz, 5 g L-1 maya özütü, 2mM CuSO4, %4 inokulum miktarı ve pH 5,5 olarak belirlenmiştir. Maya özütü en etkili faktördür, bunu CuSO4, inokulum miktarı, glukoz ve pH takip etmiştir. Bu koşullar altında tahmini değerler ile deneysel değerler arasında uyum söz konusudur. Önerilen sonuçlar, pH'nın 2,95, başlangıç boya konsantrasyonunun 55,6 mg L-1, enzim miktarının 0,76 mL ve reaksiyon süresinin 46,91 dakika olduğu koşullarda en yüksek Reaktif Mavi 49 renk gideriminin %98 olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu istatistiksel optimizasyon stratejisinin geçerliliği ve uygulanabilirliği, tahmini ve deneysel değerler arasındaki ilişki ile doğrulanmıştır.Sonuç: Sonuçlar Taguchi yönteminin lakkaz üretim sürecinde optimizasyon için kullanılabileceğini göstermiştir. Ayrıca en uygun koşullardaki renk giderimi deneylerinin sonuçlarına göre, Trametes versicolor 2008001 ile üretilen lakkaz enzimi etkin bir şekilde enzimatik renk gideriminde kullanılabilir
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    The utilization of lignocellulosic wastes for laccase production under semisolid-state and submerged fermentation conditions
    (Turkish Journal of Biology, 2013) Birhanlı, Emre; Yeşilada, Özfer
    Öz: Başlık (İngilizce): Öz (İngilizce): The aim of this study was to produce laccase enzymes by using various lignocellulosic wastes (LCWs) under semisolid-state (SsF) and submerged fermentation (SF) conditions. White rot fungi are the best laccase-producing organisms and they can be easily grown on LCW. Thus, in this work, Trametes trogii (Berk.) ATCC 200800 and Trametes versicolor (L.) ATCC 200801, well-known laccase-producing white rot fungi, were used as laccase-producing organisms. According to the literature, some of the LCWs such as sunflower receptacle, apricot seed shell, and bulrush were tested first as substrates for laccase production by these fungi. In SsF, the maximum laccase activities were 2206 U/L for T. trogii incubated in a medium containing walnut shell and 387 U/L for T. versicolor incubated in a medium containing corncob. In SF, the highest laccase activities, 386 U/L and 1216 U/L, were obtained from T. trogii grown in a medium containing pulverized apricot seed shell and T. versicolor grown in a medium containing pulverized bulrush, respectively. Because laccase is an important biotechnological enzyme with widespread applications, it can be useful to utilize these natural substrates for laccase production by these fungi