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    The comparison of the mRNA expressions of TGFβ1, bFGF, IGF-1, NGF, and matrix metalloprotease III genes in cervical and lumbar degenerated disc tissues.
    (2018) Yucetas, Seyho Cem; Yilmaz, Atilla; Gulec, Elif; Ozic, Cem
    Aim: To evaluate and compare the mRNA expression of antioxidant genes between the cervical and lumbar degenerated disc tissues. Material and Methods: Obtained degenerated Nucleus Pulposus (DNP) materials were divided into two groups, which were cervical DNP (Group I) (n=20) and lumbar DNP (Group II) (n=20). There are 6 men and 14 women in group I with a mean age of 43.8 years and 13 men and 7 women in group II with the mean age of 40.3 years (28 to 54). All cervical DNP materials were obtained between C5 and C6 and all lumbar DNP materials were obtained between L4 and L5 levels. The TGFβ1, bFGF, IGF-1, NGF and Matrix metalloprotease III (MMP III) gene expressions of DNP materials were determined by polymerase chain reaction, Real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting techniques.Results: When the results of the two groups were compared by polymerase chain reaction, the expressions of TGFβ1, bFGF, IGF-1, NGF and MMP III was found lower in lumbar DNP group. Also the TGFβ1, bFGF, IGF-1, NGF, and Matrix metalloprotease III genes showed a decrease in gene expression levels when they were analyzed by Real-time polymerase chain reaction. Conclusion: These data showed that; decrease of the TGFβ1, bFGF, IGF-1, NGF and MMP III genes in the degenerated lumbar disc tissues, may related with the possibility of molecular background of the disease pathogenesis.
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    Diffusion tensor imaging findings of patients with parkinson’s disease refractory to medical treatment
    (2021) Guduk, Mustafa; Cevik Cenkeri, Halime; Yilmaz, Atilla; Uyanik, Sadik Ahmet; Atli, Eray; Oguslu, Umut; Yilmaz, Birnur; Gumus, Burcak
    Aim: Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) findings can be useful to detect and measure neurodegeneration that is seen in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Microstructural changes in regions of the brain related with motor function are evaluated by using DTI measurements of fractional anisotropy (FA) to find out the possible role of the technique in diagnosis in patients with PD. Materials and Methods: The study includes 18 PD patients who were candidates for deep brain stimulation surgery, and 19 control group patients. DTI was performed in all cases. DTI characteristics of FA were measured in primary motor cortex (M1), supplementary motor area (SMA), inferior parietal lobule, putamen (P), globus pallidus externus (GPe) and internus (GPi), ventrolateral nucleus of thalamus (Th), substantia nigra (SN), cuneus, precuneus and cerebellar dentate nucleus (D) bilaterally. Additionally, we processed “raw” FA images and colored them according to fiber orientation to visualize STN and GPi nuclei. Results: Mean age of the control group was 59.2±13.2 (range: 31-79) years, while it was 56.7±16 (range: 42-77) years for the patient group. Mean duration of PD was 12.4±7.1 (range: 5-30) years. Study group FA values were significantly lower than the control group in all areas bilaterally (p<0.05). Additionally, FA-M1, FA-GPi and FA-GPe values were significantly lower on left side compared to right side (p<0.05). Conclusion: Decrease in FA values in all regions in the study group is thought to result from loss of nerve cells. Additionally, raw FA images that are processed, and colored in relation to fiber orientation can be useful for a better identification of STN and GPi nuclei. This type of imaging will provide a more precise anatomy necessary for surgical targeting.
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    Heavy metal pollution in sediments and mussels: assessment by using pollution indices and metallothionein levels
    (Springer, 2016) Okay, Oya S.; Ozmen, Murat; Gungordu, Abbas; Yilmaz, Atilla; Yakan, Sevil D.; Karacik, Burak; Tutak, Bilge
    In the present work, the concentration of eight metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) was determined in the sediments and transplanted and native mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). The study was conducted in Turkish marinas, shipyards, and shipbreaking yards. The effect of metal pollution was evaluated by determining the levels of metallothionein (MT) in the mussels. The extent of contamination for each single metal was assessed by using the geoaccumulation index (I-geo) and enrichment factor (EF). Whereas, to evaluate the overall metal pollution and effect, the pollution load index (PLI), modified contamination degree (mC(d)), potential toxicity response index (RI), mean effects range median (ERM) quotient (m-ERM-Q), and mean PEL quotient (m-PEL-Q) were calculated. The influence of different background values on the calculations was discussed. The results indicated a significant metal pollution caused by Cu, Pb, and Zn especially in shipyard and shipbreaking sites. Higher concentrations of MT were observed in the ship/breaking yard samples after the transplantation.
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    Is emergent cervical radiological evaluation mandatory in isolated cranial gunshot injury?
    (2018) Yilmaz, Atilla; Cakir, Murteza
    Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the accompanied cervical injuries of the patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) because of penetrating, perforating or tangential cranial gunshot injuries (CGI). Material and Methods: The retrospective study included 137 patients that presented to the EDs at Mustafa Kemal and Ataturk University due to penetrating, perforating or tangential CGI between 2014 and 2018. Patients younger than 12 years old and had insufficient radiological records were excluded from the study and thus 115 patients were included in the study. Results: 115 patients included 105 (91%) men and 10 (9%) women with a mean age of 27 (range, 12-65) years. Of the 115 injuries, 84 (73%) were high-velocity and 31 (27%) were low-velocity gunshot injuries. The injuries included 92 (80%) penetrating or perforating and 23 (20%) tangential injuries. No cervical dislocation injury was accompanied by CGI in any patient. Unilateral lamina fracture of the cervical vertebra was observed in one patient. Conclusion: Our results support the opinion that isolated penetrating, perforating or tangential CGI did not cause to cervical spinal injuries, the intubation or tracheostomy procedures should not be postponed after radiological evaluation of cervical spinal stability.
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    Monitoring of organic pollutants in marine environment by semipermeable membrane devices and mussels: accumulation and biochemical responses
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2017) Okay, Oya S.; Karacik, Burak; Gungordu, Abbas; Yilmaz, Atilla; Koyunbaba, Nazmi C.; Yakan, Sevil D.; Henkelmann, Bernhard
    This study involves the monitoring of organic pollutants using transplanted mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) as bioindicator organisms and semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) as passive samplers. Mussels and SPMDs were deployed to marinas, shipyards and shipbreaking yards on the coastal area of Turkey and retrieved after 60 days. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and organochlorine pesticide (OCP) compounds were analysed with high-resolution GC-MS. Total PAH concentrations in SPMDs and mussels ranged from 200 to 4740 ng g sampler(-1) and from 7.0 to 1130 ng g(-1) in wet weight (ww). PCB and OCP concentrations in SPMDs changed between 0.04-200 and 4.0-26 ng g sampler(-1), respectively. The highest PCB (190 ng g(-1) ww) and OCP (200 ng g(-1) ww) concentrations in mussels were measured at shipyard stations. A strong correlation was observed between the PAH and PCB concentrations in SPMDs and mussels. Enzyme assays (acetylcholinesterase, ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathion reductase and carboxylesterase activities) were performed as biomarkers to reveal the effects of pollution on the mussels. There was no clear relationship found between the enzyme levels and the pollutant concentrations in mussels. Integrated biomarker responses were calculated to interpret the overall effect of pollutants.
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    Surgical management of the fourth ventricle arachnoid cysts
    (2019) Oral, Sukru; Bayarogullari, Hanifi; Yilmaz, Atilla; Urfali, Boran; Aras, Mustafa; Serarslan, Yurdal
    Aim: The arachnoid cysts are developmental masses that occur from the splitting or duplication of the arachnoid membrane. They may occur in different locations such as middle cranial fossa, retrocerebellar and convexity region, and they are usually asymptomatic. Arachnoid cysts are uncommon in association with intraventricular location especially fourth ventricle. In this study, we present six consecutive cases with arachnoid cyst in the fourth ventricle.Material and Methods: There were four female and two male patients. The average age of patients was 37 years ranging from2 to 65 years. These patients were periodically followed-up. The follow-up period ranged from minimum 2 to 6 years. Three patients were operated by a ventriculoperitoneal shunt and surgical excision was performed in two patients. Remaining two patients were followed up because they were asymptomatic.Results: Revision surgery was made due to shunt malfunction in a patient. The symptoms had been regressed in all patients. The arachnoid cysts were completely regressed after the operations in two patients.Conclusion: Most of arachnoid cysts which were small and asymptomatic did not require treatment. However, the size of an arachnoid cyst typically remained stable or increased over the time.An asymptomatic cyst may become symptomatic after minor head trauma. So, the asymptomatic patients with fourth ventricle arachnoid cyst should be under periodic follow up for obstructive hydrocephalus. Keywords: Arachnoid Cyst; Fourth Ventricle; Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt; Surgical Excision.