Oryantalist literatürde İslâm'ın tevhid inancı ve kaynağı
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Dosyalar
Tarih
2023
Yazarlar
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Yayıncı
İnönü Üniversitesi
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Batı'nın Doğu'ya yönelik düşünsel birikimini yansıtan oryantalist literatürde İslâm'ın tevhid inancına yönelik tasavvur ve yaklaşımlar hem değişken hem de sabit özellikler göstermektedir. Avrupa'da Hristiyanlık öğretilerinin tek ve mutlak hakikat olarak görüldüğü Orta Çağ'dan Aydınlanma dönemine kadar İslâm, genellikle Hristiyanlığın sapkın bir mezhebi olarak görülüp tahkir edilmiş ve onun temel esası olan tevhid inancı putperestlik, sapkınlık ya da batıl bir inanç olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Aydınlanma döneminde tasvirî yaklaşımı esas alarak yazılan bazı eserlerde İslâm'ın tevhid inancını tabiî din anlayışıyla özdeşleştiren bir bakış açısının örnekleri sergilenmiştir. 19. yüzyıldan itibaren oryantalist literatürde İslâm inancına yönelik düşünceler ağırlıklı olarak tarihsel eleştirel yaklaşımla ortaya konulmuştur. Modern dönemde İslâm'ın tevhid inancının kaynağını İslâm öncesi putperest Arap geleneğinde, Yahudilikte, Hristiyanlıkta veya son ikisinde birlikte arayan çeşitli teoriler ileri sürülmüştür. Tevhid inancının kaynağını Yahudilik ve Hristiyanlıkta arama geleneğinin İslâm'ın erken döneminde Hristiyan din adamları tarafından ileri sürülen iddialarla paralellik gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca Orta Çağ'dan Modern döneme kadar tevhid inancını Hristiyanlık ve Yahudilikle birlikte tek tanrılı İbrahimî dinler geleneğinin devamı şeklinde gören bir bakış açısının pek az örnekleri bulunurken bu yaklaşımın yirminci yüzyıldan itibaren daha çok sayıda eserde sergilenmeye başladığı görülmüştür. İslâm'ın tevhid inancına yönelik en doğru tanımlamaların dinî, siyasi ya da kültürel her türlü taassup ve önyargılardan uzak şekilde İslâm'ı Müslümanca bir bakış açısıyla değerlendiren oryantalist yazarlar tarafından yapıldığı görülmüştür. Doğu'yu ötekileştirerek oluşturulan Batılı kimlikle İslâm hakkında yazılan eserlerden oluşan oryantalist literatürde ise İslâm'ın tevhid inancına yönelik yaklaşımların konjonktürel değişim gösteren bir hüviyete sahip olduğu ve Batı'da geliştirilen tüm bilimsel yöntemlere rağmen henüz tam anlamıyla tarafsız bir hüviyet göstermediği görülmektedir. Anahtar Kavramlar: Kelâm, oryantalizm, oryantalist literatür, İslâm, tevhid, Allah, inanç.
In the orientalist literature, which reflects the intellectual accumulation of the West towards the East, the conceptions and approaches to the belief of tawhid (the oneness and unity of God) in Islam show both variable and fixed characteristics. From the Middle Ages to the Enlightenment Period, when the teachings of Christianity were seen as the only and absolute truth in Europe, Islam was generally seen as a heretical sect of Christianity and and the belief of tawhid, its basic principle, was evaluated as idolatry, heresy or a superstitious belief and despised. In some works showing the characteristics of descriptive approach written in the Enlightenment period, the examples of a perspective which identifies the belief of tawhid in Islam with the notion of natural religion were exhibited. Since the 19th century, thoughts on the Islamic faith in orientalist literature have been put forward predominantly with the historical critical approach. In the modern period, various theories have been put forward that seek the source of belief in Allah in the pre-Islamic pagan Arab tradition, Judaism, Christianity or in the latter two together. It has been seen that the tradition of seeking the source of tawhid belief in Judaism and Christianity parallels the claims made by Christian clergy in the early period of Islam. In addition, while there have been just few examples of a perspective that sees tawheed as continuation of the monotheistic Abrahamic religions tradition together with Christianity and Judaism from the Middle Ages to the Modern period, it is seen that this approach has started to be used in more works since the 20th century. It has been found that the most accurate definitions regarding the belief of tawhid in Islam were made by orientalist writers who evaluated Islam from a Muslim perspective, taking a stand away from all religious, political or cultural bigotry and prejudices. As for the orientalist literature, consisting of works written about Islam with a Western identity created by marginalizing the East, it has been determined that the approaches to the belief of tawhid in Islam have a character that shows cyclical changes and that they still do not show a completely neutral character notwithstanding all the scholarly methods developed in the West. Keywords: Kalam, orientalism, orientalist literature, Islam, tawhid, Allah, belief.
In the orientalist literature, which reflects the intellectual accumulation of the West towards the East, the conceptions and approaches to the belief of tawhid (the oneness and unity of God) in Islam show both variable and fixed characteristics. From the Middle Ages to the Enlightenment Period, when the teachings of Christianity were seen as the only and absolute truth in Europe, Islam was generally seen as a heretical sect of Christianity and and the belief of tawhid, its basic principle, was evaluated as idolatry, heresy or a superstitious belief and despised. In some works showing the characteristics of descriptive approach written in the Enlightenment period, the examples of a perspective which identifies the belief of tawhid in Islam with the notion of natural religion were exhibited. Since the 19th century, thoughts on the Islamic faith in orientalist literature have been put forward predominantly with the historical critical approach. In the modern period, various theories have been put forward that seek the source of belief in Allah in the pre-Islamic pagan Arab tradition, Judaism, Christianity or in the latter two together. It has been seen that the tradition of seeking the source of tawhid belief in Judaism and Christianity parallels the claims made by Christian clergy in the early period of Islam. In addition, while there have been just few examples of a perspective that sees tawheed as continuation of the monotheistic Abrahamic religions tradition together with Christianity and Judaism from the Middle Ages to the Modern period, it is seen that this approach has started to be used in more works since the 20th century. It has been found that the most accurate definitions regarding the belief of tawhid in Islam were made by orientalist writers who evaluated Islam from a Muslim perspective, taking a stand away from all religious, political or cultural bigotry and prejudices. As for the orientalist literature, consisting of works written about Islam with a Western identity created by marginalizing the East, it has been determined that the approaches to the belief of tawhid in Islam have a character that shows cyclical changes and that they still do not show a completely neutral character notwithstanding all the scholarly methods developed in the West. Keywords: Kalam, orientalism, orientalist literature, Islam, tawhid, Allah, belief.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kelâm, oryantalizm, oryantalist literatür
Kaynak
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Cilt
Sayı
Künye
Çakmak, Ş. (2023). Oryantalist literatürde İslâm'ın tevhid inancı ve kaynağı. Yayınlanmış Doktora Tezi. İnönü Üniversitesi, Malatya.
