Comprehensive Analysis of Magnetic Flux Density and RF-EMF Exposure in Electric Buses: A Case Study from Samsun, Turkey

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dc.contributor.authorAlbayrak, Zafer Emre
dc.contributor.authorKurnaz, Cetin
dc.contributor.authorKaradag, Teoman
dc.contributor.authorCheema, Adnan Ahmad
dc.date.accessioned2026-04-04T13:30:58Z
dc.date.available2026-04-04T13:30:58Z
dc.date.issued2024
dc.departmentİnönü Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractThis study investigates magnetic flux density (B) and radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) measurements on electric buses operating in Samsun, Turkey, focusing on two bus routes (called E1 and E4) during the morning and evening hours. Measurements were taken under diverse operational conditions, including acceleration, cruising, and braking, at locations of peak passenger density. Along the E1 route, the magnetic field intensity varied significantly based on the bus position, road slope, and passenger load, with notable increases during braking. In contrast, the E4 route showed a lower magnetic field intensity and RF-EMF values due to its straighter trajectory and reduced operational stops. The highest RF-EMF measurement recorded was 6.01 V/m, which is below the maximum levels established by the ICNIRP guidelines. In 11 out of the 12 different band-selective RF-EMF measurements, the highest contribution came from the downlink band of the base stations, while in only one measurement, the highest contribution originated from the uplink bands of the base stations. All data were subject to the Anderson-Darling test, confirming the generalized extreme value distribution as the best fit for both B and RF-EMF measurements. Additionally, the study assessed B levels inside and outside the bus during charging, revealing heightened readings near the pantograph. These findings significantly contribute to our understanding of electromagnetic field exposure in electric bus environments, highlighting potential health implications and informing the development of targeted mitigation strategies.
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/s24175634
dc.identifier.issn1424-8220
dc.identifier.issue17
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0003-3436-899X
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0002-7682-7771
dc.identifier.pmid39275545
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85203879556
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.3390/s24175634
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/11616/108482
dc.identifier.volume24
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001311383900001
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ2
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.indekslendigikaynakPubMed
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherMdpi
dc.relation.ispartofSensors
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.snmzKA_WOS_20250329
dc.subjectmagnetic flux density
dc.subjectradiofrequency electromagnetic field
dc.subjectelectric buses
dc.subjectpublic transportation
dc.subjectpersonal exposure
dc.subjecthealth risks
dc.subjectICNIRP
dc.titleComprehensive Analysis of Magnetic Flux Density and RF-EMF Exposure in Electric Buses: A Case Study from Samsun, Turkey
dc.typeArticle

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