Deepfakes and the Geneva Conventions: Does Deceptive AI-Generated Misinformation Directed at an Enemy During Armed Conflict Violate International Humanitarian Law? A Critical Discussion

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dc.contributor.authorAkkus, Berkant
dc.date.accessioned2026-04-04T13:31:01Z
dc.date.available2026-04-04T13:31:01Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.departmentİnönü Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstract'Deepfakes' and other forms of digital communications disinformation are now on the virtual frontlines of many armed conflicts. Military commanders can potentially gain significant tactical advantages by misleading enemy forces, opposing governments, and civilian populations into believing X when Y is the true state of affairs. Distinct from military propaganda, deliberate deceptions and subterfuge have long been part of warfare. However, a powerful claim is advanced that deepfakes such as announcing surrender, truce declarations, or similar messages that place soldiers and civilians at greater risk are international humanitarian law (IHL) violations, notably under the 1907 Hague Convention and the 1977 Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions. This four-section critical discussion considers whether, or to what extent, deepfakes are IHL compliant. Selected examples taken from the ongoing Russia-Ukraine war are highlighted to illustrate the potentially grave dangers that deepfakes represent for innocent civilian populations. IHL reform recommendations are made that would reduce deepfake harm-if such reforms are embraced by the international community (an admittedly doubtful prospect).
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/laws14060083
dc.identifier.issn2075-471X
dc.identifier.issue6
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0001-6652-2512
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-105025800582
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.3390/laws14060083
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/11616/108533
dc.identifier.volume14
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001647443900001
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ2
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.institutionauthorAkkus, Berkant
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherMdpi
dc.relation.ispartofLaws
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.snmzKA_WOS_20250329
dc.subjectdeepfake
dc.subjectinternational humanitarian law
dc.subjectperfidy
dc.subjectAI-powered disinformation
dc.subjectdeceptive AI
dc.titleDeepfakes and the Geneva Conventions: Does Deceptive AI-Generated Misinformation Directed at an Enemy During Armed Conflict Violate International Humanitarian Law? A Critical Discussion
dc.typeArticle

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