Evaluation of ocular findings in children with autism spectrum disorder: Observational study

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dc.contributor.authorDemir, Ulku
dc.date.accessioned2026-04-04T13:33:26Z
dc.date.available2026-04-04T13:33:26Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.departmentİnönü Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractThis study aims to emphasize the significance of ophthalmologic examination in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and evaluate the ophthalmologic findings and their frequency. We retrospectively analyzed the files of 40 boys and 20 girls aged 4 to 18. In cycloplegic spherical equivalents, -0.50 diopter (D) or more myopia, >=+2.0D hyperopia and >=+/- 1D astigmatism in cylindrical equivalents were accepted. Patients with >= 1D difference in spherical or cylindrical equivalents between the 2 eyes were considered anisometropic. Amblyopia was defined as a best-corrected visual acuity <= 0.8 with Snellen chart and a difference of at least 2 lines between both eyes. Children were grouped as myopia, hyperopia, myopia astigmatism, hyperopia astigmatism, mixed astigmatism, emmetrope and anisometropia according to refractive errors. Strabismus was classified as esotropia, exotropia and orthophoric. Forty (66.66%) of the patients with ASD were boys and 20 (33.33%) were girls. Emmetropia was found in 38.33%, myopia in 3.33%, hyperopia in 21.66%, myopia astigmatism in 16.66%, hyperopia astigmatism in 14.99%, mixed astigmatism in 1.66%, anisometropia in 6.66%, amblyopia in 6.66%, esotropia in 9.99%, exotropia in 11.66%, ptosis in 4.99%, and nystagmus in 1.66%. There was no statistically significant difference in the findings except hyperopia according to gender (P > .05). Hyperopia (P = .022) showed a statistically significant difference according to gender (P < .05). Children with ASD have significant ophthalmological abnormalities. Early diagnosis and treatment of refractive errors and other eye problems may contribute to these children's psychomotor and social development.
dc.identifier.doi10.1097/MD.0000000000043398
dc.identifier.issn0025-7974
dc.identifier.issn1536-5964
dc.identifier.issue29
dc.identifier.pmid40696676
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-105011617706
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ2
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000043398
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/11616/109158
dc.identifier.volume104
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001533562600005
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ2
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.indekslendigikaynakPubMed
dc.institutionauthorDemir, Ulku
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherLippincott Williams & Wilkins
dc.relation.ispartofMedicine
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.snmzKA_WOS_20250329
dc.subjectautism spectrum disorder
dc.subjectchildren
dc.subjectrefractive error
dc.subjectstrabismus
dc.subjectvisual acuity
dc.titleEvaluation of ocular findings in children with autism spectrum disorder: Observational study
dc.typeArticle

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