OKUL ÖNCESİ DÖNEM VELİLERİNİN DEĞERLER EĞİTİMİNE YÖNELİK GÖRÜŞLERİ
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2020
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info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Öz: Hatay’ın bağımsızlığını elde etmesine giden üç yıllık sürecin başlangıcı, Fransa’nın 1936 yılında Suriye’ye bağımsızlık vereceğini açıklamasına dayanmaktadır. Misak-ı Millî sınırları içerisinde yer alan İskenderun Sancağı (Hatay), 20 Ekim 1921 tarihli Ankara Antlaşması ile Fransız mandası altındaki Suriye sınırları içinde bırakılmış ve bu sancağa özel bir yönetim şekli tanınmıştır. 1921 Ankara Antlaşması’nın Sancak’a ilişkin hükümleri 1923 Lozan Barış Antlaşması’nın 3.maddesi ile de teyit edilmiştir. Cumhurbaşkanı Gazi Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’ün sonraki yıllarda “Hatay” ismini verdiği İskenderun Sancağı, 1936 yılından itibaren Türk dış politikasının birinci derecede önemli meselesi hâline gelmiştir. 1936 yılında Fransa’nın Suriye bölgesindeki manda yönetimini kaldırarak, bölgeye bağımsızlık tanımaya karar vermesi üzerine Sancak’ta yaşayan Türklerin geleceğinin Suriye yönetimine bırakılması, Türkiye ve bölge halkı tarafından tepkiyle karşılanmıştır. Zira bahse konu karar ile Fransa, Suriye’den çekilirken Hatay da Suriye yönetimine bırakılıyordu. Türkiye, Hatay’ın bağımsızlığı için 1936 yılının Aralık ayında Milletler Cemiyeti nezdinde diplomatik girişimlerde bulunmuştur. Türkiye’nin kararlı tutumu bir süre sonra sonuç vermiş; İngiltere’nin de desteğiyle Türkiye ile Fransa arasında gerçekleştirilen görüşmeler neticesinde Hatay, 1937’de içişlerinde bağımsız, dışişlerinde Suriye’ye bağlı kendi anayasası olan ayrı bir bölge olarak, 1938 yılında ise bağımsız bir devlet olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Özellikle 1937-1938 yıllarında Hatay konusunda Türkiye ile Fransa arasında yaşanan kriz en üst seviyeye ulaşmıştır. Hatay meselesinin olumlu bir safhaya geçebilmiş olması her şeyden önce Gazi Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, ardından İsmet İnönü idaresinin azimli ve kararlı politikası ile dönemin uluslararası siyasi konjonktürün tamamen değişmiş olması sayesindedir. Bağımsız Hatay Devleti’nin anavatana katılmasını sağlayan süreç, 1939 yılı başı itibariyle Avrupa’daki siyasi gelişmelerden dolayı hız kazanmıştır. Türkiye’nin Hatay’ın anavatana katılması yönündeki nihai hedefi, 1939 Mart ayından itibaren Avrupa’da olayların savaşa doğru bir yön alması ve Batılı devletlerin Barış Cephesi çabaları dolayısıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. İngiltere ve Fransa için Türkiye'nin stratejik konumu çok değerliydi; bu sebeple olası bir savaşta Almanya ve İtalya’ya karşı Akdeniz’de Türkiye’nin müttefikliği gerekliydi. 1930’lı yıllardaki İngiltere’nin yatıştırma politikasına rağmen Almanya’nın Mart 1939’da Çekoslovakya’yı işgali, ardından İtalya’nın Nisan 1939 ayında Arnavutluk’u işgali, İngiltere’yi bir takım karşı tedbirler almaya itmiştir. Türkiye ve İngiltere arasında 12 Mayıs 1939'da ortak bir beyanname imzalanmıştır. Bahse konu beyanname ile iki ülke, savaşın Akdeniz bölgesine yayılması hâlinde taraflar arasında karşılıklı yardım ve iş birliği konularında anlaştıklarını ilan etmiştir. 12 Mayıs 1939 tarihli Türk-İngiliz Ortak Beyannamesi, Hatay sorunun çözümüne ilişkin bir dönüm noktası olmuş, bu durumda artık Fransa için Türkiye ile uzlaşmaktan başka bir yol kalmamıştır. Zira dönemin şartlarına bakıldığında Fransa’nın tek başına İngilizlerden ayrı bir politika izleyerek, Mihver Devletleri’ni oluşturan Almanya ve İtalya ile karşı karşıya gelmesi mümkün görülmemektedir. Dönemin siyasi gelişmeleri zoraki olarak Fransa’yı Türkiye ile anlaşmaya zorlamış; ancak Fransa, Hatay konusunu asgari zayiatla atlatmayı, bazı hakları elinde tutmayı amaçlamıştır. Fakat Türkiye’nin kararlı tutumu, aynı zamanda Avrupa’daki savaş öncesi siyasi durum dolayısıyla şartlar, Türkiye’nin lehine gelişmiş ve İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nın hemen öncesinde Hatay, anavatana katılmıştır. 17 Haziran 1939’da başlayan ve altı gün kadar devam eden Türk-Fransız görüşmeleri, 23 Haziran 1939 tarihinde Ankara’da “Türkiye ile Suriye arasında toprak sorunlarının nihai çözümüne ilişkin Antlaşma”nın imzalanmasıyla son bulmuştur. Fransa ile Hatay sorununun çözümü üzerine aynı gün öğleden sonra Paris’te Türk ve Fransız yetkililer arasında 12 Mayıs 1939 tarihli beyanname ile benzer mahiyette olan Türk-Fransız Ortak Beyannamesi imzalanmıştır. Sonuç itibariyle İkinci Dünya Harbi’nin hemen öncesinde Türkiye’nin dış politikasını İtalya ve Almanya gibi yayılmacı devletlere karşı İngiltere ve Fransa gibi statükodan yana yayılmacı karşıtı devletlerle işbirliği yönünde belirlediği görülmektedir. Bu suretle İkinci Dünya Harbi yaklaşırken Almanya ve İtalya’nın yayılmacı politikaları karşında Türkiye’nin jeopolitik önemini kavrayan Fransa, Hatay’ın Türkiye’ye katılmasına razı olmuştur. Çalışmanın ana materyalini, yerli ve yabancı arşiv belgelerinin yanı sıra konuya ilişkin temel başvuru eserleri oluşturmaktadır.
Öz: The beginning of the three-year period leading to Hatay's independence is based on France's announcement that Syrian independence was given in 1936. The Sanjak of Alexandretta (Hatay) had remained outside of the Turkish national borders by Ankara Agreement of 20th October 1921 while it had been accepted within the borders of National Pact. With a special administrative status, the Sanjak of Alexandretta was included to the territory of Syria that was under French mandate at that time. 1921 frontier of Sanjak (Hatay) was confirmed by the amendment 3 of the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923. Sanjak of Alexandretta which the president of Turkish Republic Ghazi Mustafa Kemal Atatürk named “Hatay” in the following years, had become the foremost issue in foreign policy of Turkey since 1936. In September 1936, when France signed a treaty draft with Syria that would grant independence to Syria, the issue of the status of the Hatay in Turkey was raised. When France was withdrawing from Syria, it was passing its authority concerning to Sanjak to Syria. Turkey applied to the the League of Nations for Hatay (Sancak) problem in December 1936. With the support of the United Kingdom, the League of Nations accepted the granting of a separate administrative status to Hatay (Sancak) In 1937. By the great efforts of Turkish government, “the State of Hatay” was founded on September 2, 1938. The crisis between France and Turkey relating to the Hatay issue has reached its highest level during 1937-1938. The fact that the Hatay issue has passed to a positive phase is above all thanks to the determined policy of Ghazi Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and then İsmet İnönü’s administration and the complete change of the international political conjuncture. The process that enabled the Independent Hatay State to join the motherland gained speed due to the political developments in Europe as of the beginning of 1939. Turkey's ultimate goal of joining Hatay to the homeland from March 1939 to take a direction towards the war events in Europe and Western States was carried out due to the efforts of Peace Front. For Britain and France strategic position of Turkey was invaluable; for this reason, Turkey's alliance was necessary against Germany and Italy in a possible war in the Mediterranean. Despite the aiming status quo policy of Britain in 1930’s, German occupation of Czechoslovakia on 15 March 1939 and then the Italian occupation of Albania in April 1939 led Britain to take counter-measures. The Anglo-Turkish Declaration was made between Turkey and Britain on May 12, 1939. Within this declaration Turkey and England declared that the two countries provide mutual assistance in the event of an act of aggression leading to war in the Mediterranean area. This date was a turning point for the solution of the Hatay issue. From that time France was in need of agreeing with Turkey immediately. Because when the conditions of the period are analyzed, it is not possible for France to face with Germany and Italy as the revisionist powers by following a policy separate from the British alone. France estimated to the geopolitical importance of Turkey and had to accept leaving Hatay to Turkey against to the revisionist policy of Germany and Italy on the eve of the Second World War. As we see that political developments of the period forced France reconciliation with Turkey. But, France aimed to overcome the Hatay issue with minimum casualties and to retain some rights. But the resolute attitude of Turkey, and also the political situation in Europe just before the war improved the conditions in favor of Turkey, France had to accept participation of Hatay to Turkey. Starting on June 17, 1939 and continue until the Turkish-French meeting for six days, on June 23, 1939 in Ankara "Arrangement for the Final Settlement of Territorial Issues Between Turkey and Syria," has ended in an agreement about the accession of Hatay into the Turkish Republic. After the settlement of Hatay issue, The Turkish-French Joint Declaration identical with the Anglo-Turkish Declaration was signed at the afternoon of the same day on 23rd, 1939 in Paris between the Turkish and French delegations. As a result, Turkey determined its policy on the behalf of anti-revisionist states defending the status quo on the eve of the Second World War. In the study, besides Turkish and foreign the archival documents, basic sources related to the subject are also used as the main sources.
Öz: The beginning of the three-year period leading to Hatay's independence is based on France's announcement that Syrian independence was given in 1936. The Sanjak of Alexandretta (Hatay) had remained outside of the Turkish national borders by Ankara Agreement of 20th October 1921 while it had been accepted within the borders of National Pact. With a special administrative status, the Sanjak of Alexandretta was included to the territory of Syria that was under French mandate at that time. 1921 frontier of Sanjak (Hatay) was confirmed by the amendment 3 of the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923. Sanjak of Alexandretta which the president of Turkish Republic Ghazi Mustafa Kemal Atatürk named “Hatay” in the following years, had become the foremost issue in foreign policy of Turkey since 1936. In September 1936, when France signed a treaty draft with Syria that would grant independence to Syria, the issue of the status of the Hatay in Turkey was raised. When France was withdrawing from Syria, it was passing its authority concerning to Sanjak to Syria. Turkey applied to the the League of Nations for Hatay (Sancak) problem in December 1936. With the support of the United Kingdom, the League of Nations accepted the granting of a separate administrative status to Hatay (Sancak) In 1937. By the great efforts of Turkish government, “the State of Hatay” was founded on September 2, 1938. The crisis between France and Turkey relating to the Hatay issue has reached its highest level during 1937-1938. The fact that the Hatay issue has passed to a positive phase is above all thanks to the determined policy of Ghazi Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and then İsmet İnönü’s administration and the complete change of the international political conjuncture. The process that enabled the Independent Hatay State to join the motherland gained speed due to the political developments in Europe as of the beginning of 1939. Turkey's ultimate goal of joining Hatay to the homeland from March 1939 to take a direction towards the war events in Europe and Western States was carried out due to the efforts of Peace Front. For Britain and France strategic position of Turkey was invaluable; for this reason, Turkey's alliance was necessary against Germany and Italy in a possible war in the Mediterranean. Despite the aiming status quo policy of Britain in 1930’s, German occupation of Czechoslovakia on 15 March 1939 and then the Italian occupation of Albania in April 1939 led Britain to take counter-measures. The Anglo-Turkish Declaration was made between Turkey and Britain on May 12, 1939. Within this declaration Turkey and England declared that the two countries provide mutual assistance in the event of an act of aggression leading to war in the Mediterranean area. This date was a turning point for the solution of the Hatay issue. From that time France was in need of agreeing with Turkey immediately. Because when the conditions of the period are analyzed, it is not possible for France to face with Germany and Italy as the revisionist powers by following a policy separate from the British alone. France estimated to the geopolitical importance of Turkey and had to accept leaving Hatay to Turkey against to the revisionist policy of Germany and Italy on the eve of the Second World War. As we see that political developments of the period forced France reconciliation with Turkey. But, France aimed to overcome the Hatay issue with minimum casualties and to retain some rights. But the resolute attitude of Turkey, and also the political situation in Europe just before the war improved the conditions in favor of Turkey, France had to accept participation of Hatay to Turkey. Starting on June 17, 1939 and continue until the Turkish-French meeting for six days, on June 23, 1939 in Ankara "Arrangement for the Final Settlement of Territorial Issues Between Turkey and Syria," has ended in an agreement about the accession of Hatay into the Turkish Republic. After the settlement of Hatay issue, The Turkish-French Joint Declaration identical with the Anglo-Turkish Declaration was signed at the afternoon of the same day on 23rd, 1939 in Paris between the Turkish and French delegations. As a result, Turkey determined its policy on the behalf of anti-revisionist states defending the status quo on the eve of the Second World War. In the study, besides Turkish and foreign the archival documents, basic sources related to the subject are also used as the main sources.
Açıklama
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33431/belgi.712105
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynak
Tarih Okulu Dergisi
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Cilt
13
Sayı
47
Künye
ATABEY F (2020). TÜRK-İNGİLİZ BELGELERİ IŞIĞINDA HATAY SORUNUNUN ÇÖZÜMÜNE DAİR BAZI DEĞERLENDİRMELER. BELGİ DERGİSİ, 2(20), 2579 - 2594. Doi: 10.33431/belgi.712105
