2276 NOLU TEMETTUAT DEFTERİNE GÖRE GÜMÜLCELİ KÖYÜ'NÜN SOSYO-EKONOMİK DURUMU (1844-1845)
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Dosyalar
Tarih
2017
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Turkish Studies (Elektronik)
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Öz: Bu çalışmada; 1844-1845 tarihi itibariyle Aydın Vilayeti Saruhan Sancağı Manisa kazası Belen Nahiyesi'ne bağlı olan Gümülceli Köyü'nün 19. yüzyıl ortalarındaki sosyal ve ekonomik durumunun ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivlerindeki 2276 numaralı Temettuât Defteri verilerine göre Gümülceli Köyü 47 hane olup yaklaşık olarak 235 kişilik tahminî nüfusa sahiptir. Köydeki ailelerin geçim kaynağı tarım ve hayvancılıktır. Hane reislerinin büyük bir kısmının meslekleri de buna paralel olarak erbâb-ı zirâat, hizmetkar, rençber, sığırtmaç ve inşaat ustası olarak görülmektedir. Gümülceli'de yaşayan ailelerin sahip oldukları tarım arazileri toplamı 2687 dönüm olup, 2362 dönümü ekili arazi (mezrû' tarla), 125 dönümü nadasa bırakılmış arazi (gayr-ı mezrû' tarla), 67 dönümü bağ ve 133 dönümü icara verilen arazilerdir. Bu arazilerde, pamuk, Buğday, arpa, susam, darı, burçak ve üzüm ziraatı yapılmaktadır. 1845 tarihi itibariyle Gümülceli'de meslek olarak hayvancılıkla uğraşan aile yoktur. Hayvancılığın ticarî faaliyet olarak değil, daha çok günlük ihtiyaçları karşılamaya yönelik olarak yapıldığı görülmektedir. Hayvanlardan bir kısmı, süt, peynir, yağ gibi ihtiyaçlar için yetiştirilirken, bir kısmı da güç ve kuvvetinden istifadeyle çift ve yük taşımacılığında kullanılmaktadır. Gümülceli Köyü'nde aileler, pamuk, buğday, arpa, susam, darı, burçak, üzüm, tütün ve bostan gelirlerinden ödedikleri öşür miktarı toplam 6588 kuruştur. Hane reislerinin bir yıl öncesine ait vergileri toplamı 2975 kuruştur. Ailelerin tarım, hayvancılık ve kira gelirlerinden oluşan bir yıllık tahminî temettuâtı toplamı 53 944 kuruştur. Bu toplam miktarın 51 144 kuruşu tarım, 2000 kuruşu hayvancılık ve 800 kuruşu kira gelirlerine aittir. Hane reislerinin mesleklerine istinaden ödedikleri tahminî hizmet temettuâtı toplamı 3000 kuruştur. Tarım, hayvancılık ve kira gelirlerinden oluşan bir yıllık tahminî temettuâtı ile hizmet temettuâtı toplamı ise 56 944 kuruştur
Abstract: In this study, the purpose is to reveal the social and economic status of Gumulceli Village of Belen County of Manisa, which was the Sanjak of Aydin Province in 1844-1845 in mid-19th century. According to the Book of Profits with the number 2276 in Ottoman Archives of Prime Ministry, Gumulceli Village had 47 houses and the population was estimated to be 235 people. The way of living for the families in the village was agriculture and animal husbandry. The majority of the chiefs of the houses were parallel to this, which were free traders in agriculture, servants, ploughmen, cowman, and construction foremen. The total area of the fields used for agriculture by families in Gumulceli was 2687 acres, and 2362 of it was planted fields (arable land), 125 of it was fallowed fields (non-arable land), 67 acres of it was vineyards, and 133 acres were let out. In these fields, the cultivation of cotton, wheat, barley, sesame, corn, tare, and grape was common. As of 1845, there were no families who dealt with animal husbandry as a way of living. It is observed that animal husbandry was made to cover daily needs not as a way of living in a professional manner. Some of the animals were bred to cover the needs like milk, cheese, oil, while some of them were bred to make use of their power in transportation. The amount of the tithe paid by the families in Gumulceli Village from the cultivation of cotton, wheat, barley, sesame, corn, tare, and grape was 6588 piasters in total. The total of the taxes paid by one previous in year the chiefs of the families was 2975 piasters in total. The total of the annual profit-income of the families by dealing with agriculture, animal husbandry and rental was estimated as 53 Liras 944 piasters. 51 Liras 144 piasters of this amount belonged to animal husbandry, and 2000 piasters belonged to animal husbandry and 800 piasters of it belonged to rental incomes. The estimated amount of service income paid by the chiefs of the families was 3000 piasters. The total amount of estimated annual income, which consisted of agriculture, animal husbandry and rental incomes and service income, was 56 944 piasters Gümülceli was a village under the Belen County of Manisa, Saruhan Sanjak of the Aydın Province in 1845. According to the data given in the Book of Dividends 2276, which was examined in the context of the study, the families, estimated populations, professions, agricultural products and animals, immovable and movable assets, annual income levels, detailed tax burdens of the families living in Gümülceli were analyzed. The families living in Gümülceli Village were living in 47 houses and were estimated to be 235 people. 33 of the 47 house chiefs were agricultural dealers, 5 of them were servants, 3 of them were employees, one of them was cowman, one of them was construction foreman, one of them was disabled elderly, one of them was solider and one of them did not state his occupation. Another non-Muslim house chief whose name was not given was recorded as grocer. 70% of the house chiefs in Gümülceli Village were agriculture-dealers, and they dealt with agriculture. Those who were servants were 10.638%, employees were 6.382%. The total of those who were construction foreman, cowman, solider, grocer, disabled and non-recorded one was around 12%. According to the book, the arable land in Gümülceli was 2687 acres in total. The use of agriculture areas is as follows: the areas that were cultivates was 2362 acres, the areas that were fallowed were 125 acres in total, vineyards 67 acres, and rented fields were 133 acres. 43 families had lands in Gümülceli Village and 33 of them were agriculture-dealers, and 10 of them were from other occupations. 62.5 acres of land is allocated for 43 families that had arable fields in the village. When the total area is examined it is seen that the rate of the arable land corresponds to 87.90%. The rate of the fields that were left for fallow was around 4.65%. The rate of the areas used as vineyards was 2.49% and the rate of the areas that were rented was 4.94%. In Gümülceli Village, 27 families (57.44%) dealt with cotton, 37 families (78.72%) dealt with wheat, 36 families (76.59%) dealt with barley, 2 families (4.25%) sesame, 9 families (19.14%) dealt with corn, 19 families (40.42%) dealt with vetch, and 17 families (31.91%) dealt with grapevine cultivation. As for the examined period, the area was not irrigated much except for the Gediz Basin, and it is estimated that dry agricultural activities were performed. As of 1845, there were no families who dealt with animal husbandry in Gümülceli as a profession. When the record books are examined it is seen that animal husbandry was not dealt with as a commercial activity, but as an activity to cover daily needs. Some of the animals were kept to cover milk, cheese, fat, and some were kept to make use of their powers in transportation. As a matter of fact, the number of the milch cows from which milk and dairy products were obtained was 30 in Gümülceli, and the number of the milch buffalos was 5. The income of a milch cow was 50 piasters, and the one of the milch buffalo was 100 piasters. There were 12 horses, 17 mares, 42 donkeys, and 80 oxen whose power was used. There were also 5 foals, 21 infertile cows, 8 calves, 13 bullocks, 10 heifers, 6 water buffalos, 17 buffalo calves, 5 infertile buffalos, and 11 young buffalo calves, which were not subject to taxation like horses and mules, in the village. There were more than two oxen per house who dealt with agriculture in the village. The area that could be cultivated by a family with two oxen was called “çift hanesi” (i.e. double-house), and the area that could be cultivated by two oxen was called “çiftlik” (i.e. farm). Based on these data, it is seen that the families that dealt with agriculture in Gümülceli Village had arable land and had the animals which they could use in transportation and in cultivating the land. The families in Gümülceli Village paid 6588 as tax in total, which was received from cotton (349 piasters), wheat (3901.5 piasters), barley (1594 piasters), sesame (50 piasters), corn (68.5 piasters), vetch (387 piasters), grapes (157 piasters), tobacco (60 piasters) and orchards (20 piasters). 5.29% of the total taxes that were collected was from cocoon, 59.23% was from wheat, 24.19% from barley, 0.75% from sesame, 1.03% was from corn, 5.87% was from vetch, 0.30% was from orchard, 2.38% was from grapes and 0.91% was from tobacco. For this reason, wheat, barley, vetch and cotton had important shares in taxation in direct proportion with production. The total taxes of the 47 family chiefs living in Gümülceli Village as of 1844 were 2975 piasters in total. These taxation amounts varied between 24 piasters and 195 piasters. Two families paid 195 piasters, 10 families paid 115 piasters, 12 families paid 65 piasters, one family paid 36 piasters, seven families paid 35 piasters, 14 families paid 25 piasters and one family paid 24 piasters. The average tax per family in the village was 63.29 piasters. The total estimated dividend which consists of annual incomes of agriculture, animal husbandry, and rents in Gümülceli Village was 53 944 piasters. 51 144 piasters of this came from agriculture, 2000 piasters came from animal husbandry and 800 piasters came from rental incomes. The total estimated dividends paid by the chief of the houses based on their occupations were 3000 piasters. The total estimated dividends of agriculture, animal husbandry and rental and service sector were 56 944 piasters. The Book of Dividends has a specific importance to reveal the social and economic situations of their regions for local historical studies. With a study that will be conducted by examining the whole of the Book of Dividends of Gümülceli Village will make it possible to assess the social and economic situation of this village in mid-19th Century.
Abstract: In this study, the purpose is to reveal the social and economic status of Gumulceli Village of Belen County of Manisa, which was the Sanjak of Aydin Province in 1844-1845 in mid-19th century. According to the Book of Profits with the number 2276 in Ottoman Archives of Prime Ministry, Gumulceli Village had 47 houses and the population was estimated to be 235 people. The way of living for the families in the village was agriculture and animal husbandry. The majority of the chiefs of the houses were parallel to this, which were free traders in agriculture, servants, ploughmen, cowman, and construction foremen. The total area of the fields used for agriculture by families in Gumulceli was 2687 acres, and 2362 of it was planted fields (arable land), 125 of it was fallowed fields (non-arable land), 67 acres of it was vineyards, and 133 acres were let out. In these fields, the cultivation of cotton, wheat, barley, sesame, corn, tare, and grape was common. As of 1845, there were no families who dealt with animal husbandry as a way of living. It is observed that animal husbandry was made to cover daily needs not as a way of living in a professional manner. Some of the animals were bred to cover the needs like milk, cheese, oil, while some of them were bred to make use of their power in transportation. The amount of the tithe paid by the families in Gumulceli Village from the cultivation of cotton, wheat, barley, sesame, corn, tare, and grape was 6588 piasters in total. The total of the taxes paid by one previous in year the chiefs of the families was 2975 piasters in total. The total of the annual profit-income of the families by dealing with agriculture, animal husbandry and rental was estimated as 53 Liras 944 piasters. 51 Liras 144 piasters of this amount belonged to animal husbandry, and 2000 piasters belonged to animal husbandry and 800 piasters of it belonged to rental incomes. The estimated amount of service income paid by the chiefs of the families was 3000 piasters. The total amount of estimated annual income, which consisted of agriculture, animal husbandry and rental incomes and service income, was 56 944 piasters Gümülceli was a village under the Belen County of Manisa, Saruhan Sanjak of the Aydın Province in 1845. According to the data given in the Book of Dividends 2276, which was examined in the context of the study, the families, estimated populations, professions, agricultural products and animals, immovable and movable assets, annual income levels, detailed tax burdens of the families living in Gümülceli were analyzed. The families living in Gümülceli Village were living in 47 houses and were estimated to be 235 people. 33 of the 47 house chiefs were agricultural dealers, 5 of them were servants, 3 of them were employees, one of them was cowman, one of them was construction foreman, one of them was disabled elderly, one of them was solider and one of them did not state his occupation. Another non-Muslim house chief whose name was not given was recorded as grocer. 70% of the house chiefs in Gümülceli Village were agriculture-dealers, and they dealt with agriculture. Those who were servants were 10.638%, employees were 6.382%. The total of those who were construction foreman, cowman, solider, grocer, disabled and non-recorded one was around 12%. According to the book, the arable land in Gümülceli was 2687 acres in total. The use of agriculture areas is as follows: the areas that were cultivates was 2362 acres, the areas that were fallowed were 125 acres in total, vineyards 67 acres, and rented fields were 133 acres. 43 families had lands in Gümülceli Village and 33 of them were agriculture-dealers, and 10 of them were from other occupations. 62.5 acres of land is allocated for 43 families that had arable fields in the village. When the total area is examined it is seen that the rate of the arable land corresponds to 87.90%. The rate of the fields that were left for fallow was around 4.65%. The rate of the areas used as vineyards was 2.49% and the rate of the areas that were rented was 4.94%. In Gümülceli Village, 27 families (57.44%) dealt with cotton, 37 families (78.72%) dealt with wheat, 36 families (76.59%) dealt with barley, 2 families (4.25%) sesame, 9 families (19.14%) dealt with corn, 19 families (40.42%) dealt with vetch, and 17 families (31.91%) dealt with grapevine cultivation. As for the examined period, the area was not irrigated much except for the Gediz Basin, and it is estimated that dry agricultural activities were performed. As of 1845, there were no families who dealt with animal husbandry in Gümülceli as a profession. When the record books are examined it is seen that animal husbandry was not dealt with as a commercial activity, but as an activity to cover daily needs. Some of the animals were kept to cover milk, cheese, fat, and some were kept to make use of their powers in transportation. As a matter of fact, the number of the milch cows from which milk and dairy products were obtained was 30 in Gümülceli, and the number of the milch buffalos was 5. The income of a milch cow was 50 piasters, and the one of the milch buffalo was 100 piasters. There were 12 horses, 17 mares, 42 donkeys, and 80 oxen whose power was used. There were also 5 foals, 21 infertile cows, 8 calves, 13 bullocks, 10 heifers, 6 water buffalos, 17 buffalo calves, 5 infertile buffalos, and 11 young buffalo calves, which were not subject to taxation like horses and mules, in the village. There were more than two oxen per house who dealt with agriculture in the village. The area that could be cultivated by a family with two oxen was called “çift hanesi” (i.e. double-house), and the area that could be cultivated by two oxen was called “çiftlik” (i.e. farm). Based on these data, it is seen that the families that dealt with agriculture in Gümülceli Village had arable land and had the animals which they could use in transportation and in cultivating the land. The families in Gümülceli Village paid 6588 as tax in total, which was received from cotton (349 piasters), wheat (3901.5 piasters), barley (1594 piasters), sesame (50 piasters), corn (68.5 piasters), vetch (387 piasters), grapes (157 piasters), tobacco (60 piasters) and orchards (20 piasters). 5.29% of the total taxes that were collected was from cocoon, 59.23% was from wheat, 24.19% from barley, 0.75% from sesame, 1.03% was from corn, 5.87% was from vetch, 0.30% was from orchard, 2.38% was from grapes and 0.91% was from tobacco. For this reason, wheat, barley, vetch and cotton had important shares in taxation in direct proportion with production. The total taxes of the 47 family chiefs living in Gümülceli Village as of 1844 were 2975 piasters in total. These taxation amounts varied between 24 piasters and 195 piasters. Two families paid 195 piasters, 10 families paid 115 piasters, 12 families paid 65 piasters, one family paid 36 piasters, seven families paid 35 piasters, 14 families paid 25 piasters and one family paid 24 piasters. The average tax per family in the village was 63.29 piasters. The total estimated dividend which consists of annual incomes of agriculture, animal husbandry, and rents in Gümülceli Village was 53 944 piasters. 51 144 piasters of this came from agriculture, 2000 piasters came from animal husbandry and 800 piasters came from rental incomes. The total estimated dividends paid by the chief of the houses based on their occupations were 3000 piasters. The total estimated dividends of agriculture, animal husbandry and rental and service sector were 56 944 piasters. The Book of Dividends has a specific importance to reveal the social and economic situations of their regions for local historical studies. With a study that will be conducted by examining the whole of the Book of Dividends of Gümülceli Village will make it possible to assess the social and economic situation of this village in mid-19th Century.
Açıklama
Turkish Studies (Elektronik)
Yıl: 2017Cilt: 12Sayı: 1ISSN: 1308-2140 / 1308-2140Sayfa Aralığı: 229 - 242Metin Dili:Türkçe
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynak
Turkish Studies (Elektronik)
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Cilt
12
Sayı
1
Künye
DÜNDAR R (2017). 2276 NOLU TEMETTUAT DEFTERİNE GÖRE GÜMÜLCELİ KÖYÜ'NÜN SOSYO-EKONOMİK DURUMU (1844-1845). Turkish Studies (Elektronik), 12(1), 229 - 242.
