Comparative chemical and biological evaluation of Urtica dioica extracts obtained by methanol and hexane: antioxidant, cytotoxic, apoptotic, and antimicrobial potentials

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dc.contributor.authorUgur, Yilmaz
dc.contributor.authorMenevse, Irem Nur
dc.contributor.authorDundar, Muhammed
dc.contributor.authorKarci, Huseyin
dc.contributor.authorZengin, Rukiye
dc.contributor.authorGuzel, Abdussamat
dc.date.accessioned2026-04-04T13:33:07Z
dc.date.available2026-04-04T13:33:07Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.departmentİnönü Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractBackground Urtica dioica L. is a widely utilized medicinal plant with potential antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial properties. Methods This study aimed to investigate its multi-target biological activities across four cell lines (A549, MDA-MB-231, HCT116, and BEAS-2B) while evaluating the impact of two extraction solvents (acidified methanol and hexane) on activity outcomes. Results The acidified methanolic extract exhibited higher total phenolic (61.25 +/- 3.07 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (51.20 +/- 2.01 mg CE/g) content, correlating with superior antioxidant activity (DPPH: 84.36 +/- 1.50 mg TE/g; CUPRAC: 174.04 +/- 9.54 mg TE/g). In contrast, the hexane extract demonstrated stronger cytotoxicity across cancer cell lines (IC50: 3.10-4.12 mu g/mL), along with significant induction of apoptosis and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, despite lower antioxidant capacity. In addition, both extracts increased the protein levels of p21 and cleaved caspase-3, suggesting involvement of cell cycle inhibition and activation of intrinsic apoptotic signalling pathways. Moderate antimicrobial activity was also observed, with inhibition zones ranging from 7 to 10 mm across bacterial and fungal strains. Conclusions These findings highlight the bioactive potential of U. dioica and the critical role of extraction solvent in modulating its total phenolic and flavonoid contents and biological effects. The observed upregulation of p21 and cleaved caspase-3 further supports the notion that U. dioica extracts may exert antiproliferative activity through p21-mediated cell cycle control and caspase-dependent apoptosis. Further in vivo studies and mechanistic investigations are needed to confirm these observations and clarify their potential therapeutic relevance.
dc.description.sponsorshipIdot;nn niversitesi
dc.description.sponsorshipThis work was supported by the Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Inonu University (ID: 4160).
dc.identifier.doi10.1186/s12906-025-05211-3
dc.identifier.issn2662-7671
dc.identifier.issue1
dc.identifier.orcid0009-0004-3497-8397
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0002-5709-1623
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0002-9040-4249
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0001-7810-4510
dc.identifier.pmid41353120
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-105027284969
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05211-3
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/11616/108942
dc.identifier.volume26
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001660655400001
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ1
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.indekslendigikaynakPubMed
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherBmc
dc.relation.ispartofBmc Complementary Medicine and Therapies
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.snmzKA_WOS_20250329
dc.subjectAntimicrobial activity
dc.subjectAntioxidant activity
dc.subjectApoptosis
dc.subjectCell cycle
dc.subjectCytotoxicity
dc.subjectUrtica dioica
dc.subjectSolvent polarity
dc.titleComparative chemical and biological evaluation of Urtica dioica extracts obtained by methanol and hexane: antioxidant, cytotoxic, apoptotic, and antimicrobial potentials
dc.typeArticle

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