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Öğe An Evaluation of the Performance of Low-Cost Resin Printers in Orthodontics(Mdpi, 2025) Oguz, Firat; Bor, SabahattinBackground/Objectives: This study evaluated the trueness and precision of three low-cost 3D printers compared to a professional-grade printer in fabricating orthodontic models. Methods: Two upper dental models, one crowded and one non-crowded, were designed using Blenderfordental and Autolign. The models were printed with Anycubic M3 Premium, Anycubic Photon D2, Phrozen Sonic Mini 8K, and Ackuretta Sol at 45 degrees and 90 degrees using Elegoo orthodontic and Ackuretta Curo resins. A total of 384 models were produced: 256 crowded (128 at 90 degrees and 128 at 45 degrees) and 128 non-crowded (all at 45 degrees). Chitubox Dental Slicer and ALPHA AI slicer were used for slicing. Post-processing involved cleaning with Ackuretta Cleani and curing in Ackuretta Curie. The models were scanned with Smartoptics Vinyl Open Air. Trueness was assessed using RMS deviation analysis in CloudCompare and linear measurements. Results: One-way ANOVA showed significant differences in trueness among the printers at 45 degrees (p < 0.001) and 90 degrees (p < 0.001). The Ackuretta Sol (LCD) exhibited the highest trueness, with the lowest mean RMS values at 45 degrees (0.095 +/- 0.008 mm) and 90 degrees (0.115 +/- 0.010 mm). The Anycubic M3 Premium (LCD) had the lowest trueness, with RMS values at 45 degrees (0.136 +/- 0.015 mm) and 90 degrees (0.149 +/- 0.012 mm). The 45 degrees build angle resulted in significantly better trueness than 90 degrees (p < 0.001). In linear measurements, deviations exceeding 0.25 mm were observed only in the R1 distance, except for the Ackuretta SOL, which remained below this threshold. Conclusions: The professional-grade printer demonstrated the best performance overall. Printing at a 45 degrees build angle resulted in improved accuracy. Despite differences among devices, all printers produced results within clinically acceptable limits for orthodontic use.Öğe Comparison of a novel 3-dimensional-printed attachment transfer method with conventional methods in clear aligner therapy: An in vitro study(Mosby-Elsevier, 2026) Bor, Sabahattin; Ozden, SametIntroduction: This study aimed to compare the accuracy of a novel 3-dimensional (3D)-printed attachment transfer technique with conventional composite-based methods, evaluating the effect of template and thickness. Methods: Three transfer methods were investigated: nonflowable composite resin, flowable composite resin, and 3D-printed attachments with a transfer carrier. In the conventional attachment method, 4 different thermoplastic template sheet thicknesses were used: 0.3, 0.5, 0.75, and 0.8 mm. dardized reference model with 6 digitally planned attachments was used for all groups. Using each method, tachments were transferred to 3D-printed dental models, which were then scanned and superimposed reference model. Root mean square and mean distance values were calculated using CloudCompare software (version 2.14; www.danielgm.net/cc/) for surface deviation analysis. Results: Statistically significant ences were observed among the attachment transfer methods (P <0.001, Kruskal-Wallis test). The printed attachment group exhibited the highest geometric accuracy across all evaluated sites. Pairwise comparisons showed that the 3D-printed group performed significantly better than both composite groups (P <0.001, Dunn's test). Composite viscosity showed no significant effect on transfer accuracy, except for attachments 16 and 23 in mean distance values (P = 0.023-0.031) and attachment 16 mean square values (P = 0.043). Template thickness significantly influenced transfer accuracy, with aligners generally producing lower deviation values, particularly between Tristar (0.3 mm) and Track mm) (P <0.05 to P <0.001). Conclusions: The 3D-printed attachment transfer method demonstrated superior accuracy than conventional composite-based methods. Although the thinnest template exhibited deviations, accuracy varied among the different templates, suggesting that both material thickness composition may influence transfer performance. Composite viscosity did not substantially affect accuracy, as both flowable and nonflowable composite resins produced comparable results in attachment sites.Öğe Comparison of AI-assisted cephalometric analysis and orthodontist-performed digital tracing analysis(Springer, 2024) Bor, Sabahattin; Cigerim, Saadet Cinarsoy; Kotan, SedaBackground The aim of this study was to compare and evaluate three AI-assisted cephalometric analysis platforms-CephX, WeDoCeph, and WebCeph-with the traditional digital tracing method using NemoCeph software. Material and method A total of 1500 lateral cephalometric films that met the inclusion criteria were classified as Class I, Class II, and Class III. Subsequently, 40 patients were randomly selected from each class. These selected films were uploaded to 3 AI-assisted cephalometric analysis platforms and analyzed without any manual intervention. The same films were also analyzed by an orthodontist using the NemoCeph program. Results The results revealed significant differences in key angular measurements (ANB, FMA, IMPA, and NLA) across Class I, II, and III patients when comparing the four cephalometric analysis methods (WebCeph, WeDoCeph, CephX, and NemoCeph). Notably, ANB (p < 0.05), FMA (p < 0.001), IMPA (p < 0.001), and NLA (p < 0.001) varied significantly. Linear measurements also differed, with significant differences in U1-NA (p = 0.002) and Co-A (p = 0.002) in certain classes. Repeated measurement analysis revealed variation in SNA (p = 0.011) and FMA (p = 0.030), particularly in the Class II NemoCeph group, suggesting method-dependent variability. Conclusion AI-assisted cephalometric analysis platforms such as WebCeph, WeDoCeph, and CephX give rise to notable variation in accuracy and reliability compared to traditional manual digital tracing, specifically in terms of angular and linear measurements. These results emphasize the importance of meticulous selection and assessment of analysis methods in orthodontic diagnostics and treatment planning.Öğe Diagnostic Accuracy and Agreement Between AI and Clinicians in Orthodontic 3D Model Analysis(Mdpi, 2025) Bor, Sabahattin; Oguz, Firat; Khanmohammadi, AylaBackground: Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly integrated into orthodontic workflows, including digital model analysis modules embedded in orthodontic software. While these systems offer efficiency and automation, the accuracy and clinical reliability of AI-generated measurements and diagnostic assessments remain unclear. Therefore, to use AI systems safely and effectively in clinical orthodontics, it is important to check their results by comparing them with those of experienced orthodontists. Methods: Digital models of 48 patients were analyzed by the Orthodontist group and two AI platforms: Titan (full) and SoftSmile (Bolton only). Three orthodontists independently measured all variables using 3Shape OrthoAnalyzer, and group means were used for comparison. A subset of models was reanalyzed after two weeks to assess consistency. Data distribution was evaluated, and appropriate statistical tests were applied. Reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and Cohen's kappa. Results: Almost perfect agreement was observed between the orthodontists and Titan AI in molar classification (kappa = 0.955 right, kappa = 0.900 left; p < 0.001), with perfect agreement reported across all groups-including between the orthodontists themselves-for Angle classification (kappa = 1.00). In anterior and overall Bolton analyses, no meaningful agreement was found between the orthodontists and AI platforms. However, in a subset of patients where all three methods identified the tooth size discrepancy in the same arch (either maxilla or mandible), no significant differences were found in anterior (p = 0.226) or overall Bolton values (p = 0.795). Overjet, overbite, and space analysis values showed significant differences between the orthodontist and Titan groups (p < 0.001). ICC analysis indicated good to excellent intra- and inter-rater reliability within the orthodontist group (>= 0.77), while both AI systems demonstrated excellent internal consistency, with ICC values exceeding 0.95. Conclusions: AI-based platforms showed high agreement with orthodontists only in Angle classification. While their performance in Bolton analysis was limited, significant differences were observed in other linear measurements, indicating the need for further refinement before clinical use.Öğe Effect of Different Printing Designs and Resin Types on the Accuracy of Orthodontic Model(Mdpi, 2025) Bor, Sabahattin; Oguz, FiratThis study aimed to evaluate the effect of resin type and printing design on the dimensional accuracy of three dimensional (3D) printed orthodontic models, considering their clinical relevance for applications such as in-house aligner fabrication. Since low-cost Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) printers have been increasingly adopted in practice but data on their trueness and precision with different resins and print designs were limited, the study sought to provide evidence-based insights into their reliability. A mandibular model was designed using Blenderfordental (B4D, version 1.1.2024; Dubai, United Arab Emirates) software and fabricated with the Anycubic Photon Mono 7 Pro 14K (Anycubic, Shenzhen, China) LCD printer. The model was printed in vertical orientation using three different print designs at two layer thicknesses (50 mu m and 100 mu m). Four resins (Elegoo, Anycubic, eSUN, and Phrozen) were used, and each resin was printed with all three designs, yielding 126 models per resin and a total of 504 printed models. Dimensional deviations between the printed and reference models were assessed using root mean square (RMS) values and color-coded deviation maps. Significant differences in trueness were found among resins and print designs at both layer thicknesses (p < 0.001). At a layer thickness of 50 m, eSUN and Anycubic showed superior trueness, whereas Phrozen exhibited the highest deviations. At a layer thickness of 100 mu m, Anycubic, eSUN, and Phrozen generally performed better than Elegoo. Overall, printing at 100 mu m yielded better performance than at 50 mu m. Precision analysis revealed resin-dependent differences, with eSUN showing significantly higher precision than Elegoo at both layer thicknesses (p = 0.006 at 100 mu m, p < 0.001 at 50 m) and superior precision compared to Phrozen at 50 mu m (p = 0.019). Both resin selection and print design significantly affect the dimensional accuracy of 3D-printed dental models.Öğe Effect of Earthquake-Related Trauma on Pubertal Maturation: Evidence From Skeletal Age Assessment Following the 2023 Kahramanmaras Earthquakes(Wiley, 2025) Kavasoglu, Nursezen; Bor, Sabahattin; Zortuk, Fundagul Bilgic; Hamamci, NihalThe devastating earthquakes centered in Kahramanmaras on February 6, 2023, caused significant psychosocial stress among children, which may have influenced the timing of pubertal onset. Since early puberty is associated with adverse physical and psychological outcomes, understanding the potential of environmental factors-such as natural disasters-to accelerate pubertal development is of great importance. In this retrospective study, a total of 1044 wrist radiographs taken from children aged 10-19 at four university dental faculties were evaluated. The radiographs were obtained during two time periods: pre-earthquake (February 6, 2022-February 6, 2023; n = 544) and postearthquake (February 6, 2023-February 6, 2024; n = 500). All images were assessed by a single expert using the skeletal maturation scale proposed by Grave and Brown. The MP3cap stage, which represents the peak of pubertal growth, was used as the main parameter. Due to the distribution of the data, nonparametric statistical tests were applied. In both female and male children, the age at the MP3cap stage after the earthquake was significantly lower compared to pre-earthquake values, indicating earlier pubertal growth spurts (p < 0.05). The findings indicate that the psychosocial stress induced by the Kahramanmara & scedil; earthquakes may have accelerated pubertal development in children. These results underscore the importance of closely monitoring the growth and development of children affected by natural disasters and providing them with comprehensive psychosocial and medical support.Öğe Evaluation of Condylar and Airway Volume in Skeletal Class I Patients with Different Vertical Growth Patterns(Mdpi, 2025) Oguz, Firat; Bor, Sabahattin; Khanmohammadi, Ayla; Kiransal, MelikeObjective: This study aimed to investigate the correlation between condylar volume and airway dimensions in skeletal Class I malocclusion patients with different vertical growth patterns. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) files were analyzed using AI-performed segmentation to ensure accurate measurements. Materials and Methods: A total of 93 individuals with skeletal Class I malocclusion (55 females and 38 males; average age 21.3 +/- 3.0 years) were classified into three groups (normodivergent, hyperdivergent, and hypodivergent) according to their vertical growth patterns. Upper airway and condylar volumes were calculated following AI-assisted segmentation, and their correlation was evaluated. Results: In the hyperdivergent group, both airway volume (11.2 +/- 5.0 cm(3)) and condylar volume (1.2 +/- 0.2 cm(3)) were significantly lower compared to the normodivergent (airway: 14.4 +/- 4.9 cm(3); condyle: 1.5 +/- 0.3 cm(3)) and hypodivergent groups (airway: 14.1 +/- 6.3 cm(3); condyle: 1.5 +/- 0.3 cm(3)) (p < 0.05). Although no statistically significant correlation was detected between airway volume and right condylar volume across the three groups (normodivergent: r = -0.204, p = 0.280; hypodivergent: r = 0.015, p = 0.936; hyperdivergent: r = -0.007, p = 0.971), a strong positive correlation was identified between the right and left condylar volumes in all groups (r > 0.8, p < 0.01). Conclusions: No significant statistical correlation was detected between condylar volume and airway volume across the evaluated groups. However, hyperdivergent individuals were found to have smaller condylar volumes and narrower airway volumes, which may contribute to increased airway resistance and a higher risk of respiratory dysfunctions. These findings highlight the importance of considering vertical growth patterns in orthodontic and orthopedic treatment planning, especially when evaluating airway dimensions. Additionally, a strong and statistically notable positive correlation was detected between the right and left condylar volumes across all groups.Öğe EVALUATION OF THE ACCURACY OF 2D SOFT TISSUE ANALYSES WITH 3D STEREOPHOTOGRAMMETRY(Inonu University, 2025) Bor, Sabahattin; Oğuz, Fırat; Kolcuoğlu Demir, NisanurThis study aimed to compare soft tissue measurements derived from different imaging methods—lateral cephalometric radiographs, profile photographs, and three-dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetry (3dMD) to evaluate the accuracy and consistency in orthodontic analysis. Thirty-four patients with no craniofacial deformities or a history of trauma were selected. Lateral cephalometric images were analyzed using WebCeph, profile photographs using GIMP, and 3D images with 3dMD Vultus software. Measurements included the nasolabial angle (NLA), labiomental angle (LMA), and facial convexity angle (Conv-A), as well as linear measurements obtained from 3dMD Vultus and WebCeph images. Intra-and inter-rater reliability were assessed using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). ANOVA and post hoc tests revealed that NLA values measured with 3dMD were significantly higher than those obtained with other methods (p<0.05). No significant differences were found in LMA values, while Conv-A measurements showed a statistically significant difference between GIMP and WebCeph (p<0.05). Linear measurements between WebCeph and 3dMD showed strong agreement (ICC>0.85). In conclusion, although two-dimensional (2D) methods provide clinically acceptable measurements, 3D stereophotogrammetry offers higher accuracy, particularly for critical soft tissue analyses. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that 3D imaging techniques were recommended for orthodontic and maxillofacial studies requiring precise soft tissue evaluation. Based on these findings, the null hypothesis regarding the nasolabial angle was rejected, while the hypotheses for the other angular and linear measurements were accepted. © 2025, Inonu University. All rights reserved.Öğe Evaluation of trueness and precision of 3 face-scanning devices(Mosby-Elsevier, 2025) Bor, Sabahattin; Oguz, Firat; Ozdemir, DenizIntroduction: This study evaluated the trueness and precision of three 3-dimensional facial scanning devices- MetiSmile (MS), Revopoint Miraco Plus (RMP), and Qlone Dental application (QA) using an iPhone 15 Pro. Methods: Forty-seven participants were scanned using MS, RMP, and QA under standardized conditions. Comprehensive accuracy evaluations (trueness and precision) were conducted. Deviations were assessed through superimposition, and the root mean square (RMS) was used to quantify these deviations. The deviation analysis was performed using CloudCompare software (v2.13.2, www.cloudcompare.org). Results: Trueness analysis showed that MS and RMP produced comparable results with deviations below 0.5 mm, whereas QA exhibited significantly higher deviations (P = 0.003; mean RMS = 0.938 mm for full-head scans). Precision analysis revealed MS had the lowest mean RMS deviation (0.309 mm), indicating the highest consistency, followed by RMP (0.362 mm). QA demonstrated the least precision (mean RMS = 0.657 mm). Comparative analysis indicated MS and RMP scans were similar, whereas QA showed greater deviations. Conclusions: The MS and RMP devices exhibit high accuracy, making them suitable for orthodontic diagnostics and treatment planning. Although less accurate, the QA is also applicable for these purposes. (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2025;168:358-66)Öğe Nesne Algılama ve Semantik Bölütleme Yontemleri Kullanılarak Lateral Sefalometrik Radyografilerde Servikal Vertebra Analizi(2025) Sengur, Abdulkadir; Bor, Sabahattin; Ciğerim, Saadet Çınarsoy; Kayaoğlu, MazharBu çalışmada, lateral sefalometrik radyografilerde C2, C3 ve C4 servikal vertebralarının tespiti ve semantik segmentasyonu için yapay zeka tabanlı bir yöntem önerilmektedir. Araştırmada kullanılan veri seti, Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Ortodonti Anabilim Dalı tarafından sağlanan 3085 lateral sefalometrik radyografiden oluşmaktadır. Uzman hekimler tarafından yapılan değerlendirme sonucunda, tanısal doğruluk ve klinik uygunluk kriterlerini karşılayan 2520 radyografi seçilerek çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. İlk aşamada YOLOv8 ve YOLOv11 nesne algılama modelleri kullanılarak vertebra bölgeleri tespit edilmiş ve ardından bu alanlar QuPath yazılımı ile detaylı şekilde anotasyonlanmıştır. Etiketlenen veriler, Attention-UNet, Attention-ResUNet, SEEA-UNet ve ResAt-UNet gibi ileri seviye derin öğrenme modelleri kullanılarak segmentasyon işlemlerine tabi tutulmuştur. Çalışma, nesne algılama modellerinin %99,8 doğruluk oranıyla yüksek performans sergilediğini ortaya koymuştur. Segmentasyon modelleri arasında en iyi performansı %99,25 doğruluk oranı ile Attention-ResUNet gösterirken, ResAt-UNet modeli genelleme kapasitesindeki dengesiyle dikkat çekmiştir. Elde edilen ikili maskeler, kemik yaşı tahmini ve iskeletsel olgunluk analizi için güvenilir bir veri seti oluşturmuştur. Bu çalışma, ek görüntüleme ihtiyacını ortadan kaldırarak radyasyon maruziyetini azaltmayı ve klinik süreçleri hızlandırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Sonuçlar, yapay zeka destekli yöntemlerin manuel değerlendirme kaynaklı hataları en aza indirdiğini ve iskeletsel analizde standardizasyon sağladığını göstermektedir. Gelecekte, bu yöntemlerin ortodonti ve pediatrik tıbbi uygulamalarda yaygın olarak kullanılabileceği öngörülmektedir.Öğe Post-Process Cytotoxicity of Resins in Clear Aligner Fabrication(Mdpi, 2025) Bor, Sabahattin; Kaya, Yesim; Demiral, Ayse; Gungormus, MustafaThis study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of two resin materials, Tera Harz TC-85 DAC and Clear-A, along with the effects of two different post-printing protocols applied to Clear-A. Samples were produced using the Ackuretta Sol printer. The following three groups were formed based on the resins used and the post-curing methods applied: Group 1: Tera Harz TC-85 DAC resin + Tera Harz Cure; Group 2: Clear-A resin + Curie machine; and Group 3: Clear-A resin + Tera Harz Cure. All samples were sterilized in 70% ethanol for 5 min, rinsed with sterile deionized water, and incubated in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium at 37 degrees C for 72 h. Cytotoxicity assessment was performed by the XTT and RTCA methods using the human gingival fibroblast cell line. According to the XTT assay, undiluted resin extracts exhibited approximately 75-80% cell viability at 24 h, while further dilutions resulted in a viability exceeding 90%. No significant differences in viability were observed among the groups at any dilution at 48 and 72 h. The xCELLigence RTCA results aligned with the XTT findings, showing a transient decrease in cell viability within the first 24 h, followed by continued cell growth. This study demonstrated that extracts from all tested 3D-printed resins exhibited biocompatibility with human gingival fibroblasts. These findings support their potential for further applications in the dental and biomedical fields.Öğe Transfer Öğrenme Tabanlı Derin Öğrenme Yaklaşımlarıyla Servikal Vertebra Matürasyon Safhalarının Sınıflandırılması ve Kemik Yaşı Değerlendirilmesi(2025) Sengur, Abdulkadir; Bor, Sabahattin; Kotan, Seda; Kayaoğlu, MazharBu çalışmada, büyüme ve gelişimi değerlendirmek amacıyla lateral sefalometrik radyografiler kullanılarak servikal vertebra maturasyon (CVM) evrelerinin otomatik sınıflandırılması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Ortodonti Anabilim Dalı tarafından sağlanan toplam 4285 radyografi kullanılmıştır. Uzman hekimler tarafından yapılan detaylı değerlendirmeler sonucunda, tanısal doğruluk ve klinik uygunluk kriterlerini karşılayan 3750 görüntü çalışmaya dâhil edilmiştir. Seçilen görüntüler, altı sınıfa (CVMS 1– 6) ayrılarak dengeli bir veri seti oluşturulmuş ve NFNet, ConvNeXt V2, EfficientNet V2 ve DeiT3 modelleri kullanılarak sınıflandırma işlemleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. NFNet modeli, %96 eğitim doğruluğu ve %85,7 test doğruluğu ile en yüksek genel performansı sergilemiştir. %95 eğitim doğruluğu ve %86,9 test doğruluğu elde eden ConvNeXt V2, genelleme açısından en dengeli model olarak öne çıkmıştır. EfficientNet V2, %94 eğitim doğruluğuna ulaşmasına rağmen %80,7 test doğruluğu ile sınırlı bir genelleme kapasitesi göstermiştir. DeiT3 modeli ise %93 eğitim doğruluğu ve %77,6 test doğruluğu ile en düşük genelleme kapasitesine sahip olmuştur. NFNet ve ConvNeXt V2, yüksek doğruluk oranları ve dengeli performansları sayesinde güçlü sınıflandırma adayları olarak öne çıkmıştır. NFNet’in eğitim ve test doğruluğu arasındaki %10,3’lük fark genelleme kapasitesinde bir miktar azalmaya işaret ederken, ConvNeXt V2’nin daha dar olan %8,1’lik farkı daha istikrarlı bir performans göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak, NFNet ve ConvNeXt V2, CVM sınıflandırması için umut vadeden modeller olarak belirlenmiştir. Gelecekteki çalışmalarda, bu modellerin performansını artırmak ve klinik uygulanabilirliklerini güçlendirmek için daha büyük veri setleri kullanılması ve hiperparametre optimizasyonunun gerçekleştirilmesi önerilmektedir.
