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Öğe Analysis of an outbreak due to Chryseobacterium meningosepticum in a neonatal intensive care unit(Luigi Ponzio E Figlio, 2003) Tekerekoglu, MS; Durmaz, R; Ayan, M; Cizmeci, Z; Akinci, AThe aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological and clinical features of an outbreak due to Chryseobacterium meningosepticum. During a 11-day period, the outbreak was observed among four newborns in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in a teaching hospital. All patients yielded C. meningosepticum in their blood cultures, in addition one was colonised in the throat. Antimicrobial susceptibility assay showed complete resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, imipenem, aztreonam, and tetracycline, sensitivity to ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. All patients were empirically treated with amikacin and meropenem. The neonate who was the first to develop sepsis died before the culture result. When C. meningosepticum was identified, antimicrobial therapy was changed to a combination of ciprofloxacin, rifampicin and vancomycin, and three neonates were treated successfully. Environmental screening recovered C. meningosepticum from two venous catheter lines and one nutritional solution that was opened by health care staff and used for two neonates. Arbitrary primed polymerase chain reaction and antibiogram typing indicated that all isolates were epidemiologically related. This study demonstrates that rapid selection of appropriate antibiotics is critical for clinical cure and standard precautions should be reconsidered to limit the spread of this bacterium on the NICU in our hospital.Öğe Analysis of three outbreaks due to Klebsiella species in a neonatal intensive care unit(Slack Inc, 2003) Ayan, M; Kuzucu, C; Durmaz, R; Aktas, E; Cizmeci, ZOBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical, microbiological, and epidemiologic features of three outbreaks caused by Klebsiella during 3 years. SETTING: Neonatal intensive care unit of a university hospital. PATIENTS: Thirty affected neonates. METHODS: Data were collected through chart reviews and conversations with physicians. Screening samples were obtained from the staff, the neonates, and the environment. Antibiogram typing and arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction-based fingerprinting were used to type the strains. RESULTS: The first outbreak had 13 K pneumoniae strains isolated. The second outbreak had 10 K. oxytoca strains isolated. The third outbreak had 20 K. pneumoniae strains isolated. More than half of the patients had low birth weights, were premature, and underwent mechanical ventilation and intravenous catheterization. Approximately three-fourths of the patients died. The isolates tested were completely susceptible to meropenem, cefoxitin, and ciprofloxacin and were resistant to cephalothin. More than half of these strains were resistant to many beta-lactam antibiotics, amikacin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Typing procedures yielded 3 antibiotypes and 3 genotypes among the isolates of the first outbreak, 3 antibiotypes with 1 subtype and 2 genotypes with 1 subtype in the second outbreak, and 2 antibiotypes and 2 genotypes in the third outbreak. CONCLUSIONS: Klebsiella outbreaks mainly affected premature neonates with intravenous catheters, mechanical ventilation, or both. The high mortality rate (76.7%) was notable. Resistance to multiple antibiotics, but mainly to broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotics, was observed, particularly in K pneumoniae isolates. Molecular typing indicated that the three outbreaks were not related to one other.Öğe Antibacterial activity of rhodium, iridium, and ruthenium tripodal phosphine complexes(Ecv-Editio Cantor Verlag Medizin Naturwissenschaften, 1998) Sülü, M; Küçükbay, H; Durmaz, R; Günal, STwenty-eight rhodium, iridium, or ruthenium complexes were evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonaa aeruginosa ATCC 27853. Ten compounds showed an antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 with a range of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) between 16 and 125 mu g/ml. None of the compounds exhibited antimicrobial activity against the gram-negative strains E. coli ATCC 25922 or Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 29213 with a concentration range between 4 and 500 mu g/ml.Öğe Antibacterial and antifungal activities of complexes of ruthenium (II)(Georg Thieme Verlag Kg, 1999) Çetinkaya, B; Özdemir, I; Binbasioglu, B; Durmaz, R; Günal, STwenty ruthenium (IT) complexes (1-5) were evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity against Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. Compounds Id! le, Ih, ii and Ij showed more pronounced antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and fungi as compared to the nitrogen donor ruthenium complexes; hydrophobic substituents were significantly mon effective. None of the compounds 1-5 exhibited antimicrobial activity against the Gram-negative strains Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) with the concentrations ranging between 17.5 and 800 mu g/ml.Öğe Antifungal activity of rhodium, iridium, and ruthenium tripodal phosphine complexes(Luigi Ponzio E Figlio, 2000) Sülü, M; Kücükbay, H; Durmaz, R; Günal, STwenty-eight rhodium, iridium or ruthenium complexes were evaluated for their in vitro antifungal activities against Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. Fourteen compounds showed an antifungal activity against C, albicans and C. tropicalis with a range of the minimum inhibitor concentrations (MICs) between 16 and 250 mu g/mL.Öğe Antifungal activity of some bis-5-methylbenzimidazole compounds(Folia Microbiologica, 2003) Küçükbay, H; Durmaz, R; Okyucu, N; Günal, STwenty bis-5-methylbenzimidazole compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. Except for three all compounds exhibited an antifungal activity against these yeasts over a range of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) between 25 and 800 mg/L.Öğe Antimicrobial activity of carbene complexes of rhodium(I) and ruthenium(II)(Ecv-Editio Cantor Verlag Medizin Naturwissenschaften, 1996) Cetinkaya, B; Cetinkaya, E; Kucukbay, H; Durmaz, RTwenty-four carbene-rhodium(I), carbene-ruthenium(II) complexes and related compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against the Cram-positive bacteria Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213) and Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudmonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853).Öğe Aqueous humor penetration of topically applied ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and tobramycin(Ecv-Editio Cantor Verlag Medizin Naturwissenschaften, 1997) Durmaz, B; Marol, S; Durmaz, R; Oram, O; Hepsen, IF; Gunal, SThe purpose of this study was to determine the aqueous humor concentrations of topically applied ciprofloxacin (GAS 86393-32-0), ofloxacin (GAS 82419-36-1) and tobramycin (GAS 79645-27-5). Thirty patients undergoing cataract extraction or trabeculectomy were randomly divided into three groups and each of the group received either 0.3 % ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin or tobramycin topical drops preoperatively. Eyedrops were instilled for six times at a frequency of one drop every 15 minutes, beginning 90 minutes before initiation of the surgery. At the time of surgery, 0.1 mi aqueous fluid was aspirated from the anterior chamber. Concentrations of the antimicrobial agents were determined using the microbroth dilution procedure outlined by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) was used as a standard strain for determination of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs). The mean aqueous levels of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin were found to be 0.092 +/- 0.077 mu g/ml, 0.964 +/- 0.693 mu g/ml, respectively. Tobramycin did not reach the concentration that could be detected by applied method. Conclusion: The mean aqueous humor levels of ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were more than the MICs levels for most of the ocular pathogens which may cause postoperative endophthalmitis.Öğe Bacterial etiology of otitis media with effusion;: Focusing on the high positivity of Alloiococcus otitidis(Luigi Ponzio E Figlio, 2002) Kalcioglu, MT; Oncel, S; Durmaz, R; Otlu, B; Miman, MC; Ozturan, OThe etiology of otitis media with effusion (OME) is unclear. The bacterial analyses of middle ear effusion (MEE) in OME may reveal important information regarding its etiology. Alloiococcus otitidis, Heamophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis were investigated by using microbiologic culture and a multiplex PCR method in the middle ear fluid of 32 children (54 samples) with chronic OME. PCR yielded positive results in 18 (33.3%) middle ear effusions while culture resulted positive for 3 (5.6%). The PCR method detected A. otitidis in 10 (18.5%) specimens, H. influenzae in 7 (13%), M. catarrhalis in 4 (7.4%) and S. pneumoniae in 2 (3.7%) specimens. The multiplex PCR method enhances the detection rate significantly compared to that of the conventional culture method. A. otitidis is the most common detected pathogen in the MEE of the OME.Öğe Bacteriological, clinical and epidemiological characteristics of hospital-acquired Acinetobacter baumannii infection in a teaching hospital(W B Saunders Co Ltd, 2003) Ayan, M; Durmaz, R; Aktas, E; Durmaz, BOver an 18 month period, the bacteriological, clinical and epidemiological characteristics of nosocomial Acinetobacter baumannii infections in a teaching hospital were studied. Typing studies were performed on 38 strains isolated from 36 patients. Twenty-two of the strains were isolated during the three outbreaks. Surgery, catheterization, mechanical ventilation, and antibiotic therapy for adult patients and respiratory distress syndrome, mechanical ventilation, and prematurity for paediatric patients were the main risk factors identified. All isolates were resistant to penicillins (except ampicillin-sulbactam), cephalosporins, gentamicin, and aztreonam but susceptible to carbapenems and colistin. Resistance to tobramycin, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin-sulbactam, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and amikacin was variable. Antibiotyping, arbitrarily-primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR) and the pulse-field get electrophoresis (PFGE) indicated the epidemiological relationship. The outbreak strains, demonstrated genetic distinction between our three outbreaks and isolates from specific areas in the hospital. (C) 2003 The Hospital Infection Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Bacteriology of chronic maxillary sinusitis and normal maxillary sinuses: Using culture and multiplex polymerase chain reaction(Ocean Side Publications Inc, 2003) Kalcioglu, MT; Durmaz, B; Aktas, E; Ozturan, O; Durmaz, RBackground: Although many investigations have been performed on bacteriology of chronic sinusitis and normal sinuses, there still is much discussion. Also a new bacterial agent, Alloiococcus otitidis determined in the nasopharynx and middle ear specimens can be thought as a causative agent of sinusitis. Methods: The bacteriology of chronic maxillary sinusitis and maxillary sinuses with normal radiogram and endoscopic findings were studied by culture methods for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to investigate four bacteria in study and control groups. There were 27 specimens in the study group and 28 specimens in the control group. Results: In the study group, the bacteria commonly isolated were Staphylococcus aureus (11.1%), alpha-hemolytic streptococci (11.1%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (11.1%), Haemophilus influenzae (7.4%), coagulase-negative staphylococci (7.4%), and anaerobes (33.3%). Coagulase-negative staphylococci (14.3%), alpha-hemolytic streptococci (10.7%), and anaerobes (35.7%) were isolated also in the control group. PCR was used to investigate S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and A. otitidis in the study and control groups. None of these bacteria was determined in the control group whereas detection rates of these bacteria in the study group were 11.1, 11.1, 3.7, and 7.4%, respectively. It should be considered that PCR yielded faint amplification band for A. otitidis. Conclusion: Using multiplex PCR can help to increase detection rates of bacterial etiology. Healthy sinuses are not sterile. A. otitidis may be one of the pathogens causing sinusitis.Öğe A Chryseobacterium meningosepticum outbreak in a neonatal ward(Cambridge Univ Press, 2003) Güngör, S; Özen, M; Akinci, A; Durmaz, ROBJECTIVE: To report epidemiologic, bacteriologic, and clinical features of a Chryseobacterium meningosepticum outbreak. DESIGN: Outbreak investigation. SETTING: A neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of a referral teaching hospital. METHODS: During 2 weeks in September 2001, four neonates in the NICU developed sepsis and underwent laboratory investigation. Multiple samples were obtained for cultures from endotracheal tubes, mechanical ventilators and humidifier boxes, infant incubators, parenteral and antiseptic solutions, feeding bottles, sinks, faucets, doors, and healthcare workers. RESULTS: C. meningosepticum was isolated from the blood cultures of four patients. The first isolate was identified 5 days after the death of the index case. Although all isolates were ciprofloxacin susceptible in vitro, the remaining three patients did not respond to ciprofloxacin therapy given for 6 or 7 days. Therapy was switched to vancomycin and rifampin and all three patients survived, with one having a complication (hydrocephalus). Environmental surveillance revealed C. meningosepticum in the stock lipid solution as the source of the epidemic. The outbreak was controlled after discontinuation of intravenous lipid solution, restriction of further neonatal admissions, and thorough disinfection of the unit and its equipment. CONCLUSION: Early identification of an epidemic and its source is important in avoiding morbidity and mortality. A contaminated lipid stock bottle was the source of this outbreak associated with multiple cases and one death.Öğe Concentration of total serum IgE in parasitized children and the effects of the antiparasitic therapy on IgE levels(Oxford Univ Press, 1998) Durmaz, B; Yakinci, C; Köroglu, M; Rafiq, M; Durmaz, R[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Cytokine profile and nitric oxide levels in sera from patients with brucellosis(Assoc Bras Divulg Cientifica, 2004) Refik, M; Mehmet, N; Durmaz, R; Ersoy, YThe aims of this study were to investigate the serum levels of some cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta), IL-2R, IL-6, and IL-8] and nitric oxide (NO) levels in patients with untreated brucellosis and to test the correlation of these parameters with each other. The study was conducted on 67 subjects, 37 patients with brucellosis and 30 healthy individuals with no history of Brucella infection. Brucellosis was identified by a positive blood culture and/or increased Brucella antibodies in serological tests in addition to compatible clinical symptoms. Cytokine profile analysis was performed by the immulite chemiluminescent enzyme immunometric assay whose inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variance were 2.6-3.6 and 4.4-8.5%, respectively. The levels of nitrites/nitrates, which are representative of NO levels, were measured by the Griess method. Patients with brucellosis had significantly elevated serum levels of nitrites/nitrates, IL-2R, IL-6 and IL-8 (mean +/- SD, 102.8 +/- 23.8 mumol/l, 806.1 +/- 58.5 U/ml, 21.1 +/- 2.3 mug/ml, and 8.8 +/- 1.6 pg/ml, respectively) compared to healthy controls, whereas TNF-alpha and IL-1beta levels were unchanged. No statistically significant correlation was detected between any of the studied cytokine levels and nitrate/nitrite concentrations according to Pearson's linear correlation test. We conclude that only IL-6, IL-8 and IL-2R are elevated in brucellosis and the extent of elevation depends on the severity and clinical pattern of the disease. Moderate elevation in serum NO was comparable to that observed in previous studies. This explains the absence or very rare occurrence of septic shock in brucellosis.Öğe Detection and genotyping of Epstein-Barr virus by polymerase chain reaction in tissues obtained from cases with Hodgkin's disease in Turkey(Slovak Academic Press Ltd, 1998) Durmaz, R; Aydin, A; Köroglu, M; Aker, H; Özercan, IH; Atik, E; Arici, SIn order to determine the positivity rare and genotype of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in cases with Hodgkin's disease (HD) in Turkey, 40 tissue specimens from HD patients were analysed. Ten non-lymphoid tissue samples from individuals without any evidence for lymphoma were used as controls. The cases with HD included 33 males and 7 females with a mean age of 28 years. Nodular sclerosis was the most prevalent histological subtype (16/40) followed by mixed cellularity (10/40), lymphocyte predominance (9/40), and lymphocyte depletion (5/40). After histopathological evaluation, deparafinisation and lysis of the specimens, one-stage polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and two-stage (nested) PCR assays were performed with the primers common for both EBV genotypes and the primers specific for EBV types 1 and 2, respectively. EBV DNA was detected in 22 of 40 (55%) cases with HD and in 1 of 10 (10%) control specimens. The distribution of EBV DNA positivity according to the histological subtypes was as follows: 10 of 16 (62.5%) for nodular sclerosis, 3 of 5 (60%) for lymphocyte depletion, 5 of 9 (55.6%) for lymphocyte predominance, and 4 of 10 (40%) for mixed cellularity. Although most of the HD patients were males of 15 - 34 years of age, there were no significant differences between EBV positivities obtained From different sex and age groups. The rates of EBV genotypes were 82% for type 1, 9% for type 2, and 9% for both types, respectively.Öğe Detection and typing of extended-spectrum ?-lactamases in clinical isolates of the family Enterobacteriaceae in a medical center in Turkey(Mary Ann Liebert, Inc, 2001) Durmaz, R; Durmaz, B; Koroglu, M; Tekerekoglu, MSTo determine and type the extended-spectrum beta -lactamases (ESBLs) among the family Enterobacteriaceae in a medical center, a total of 668 clinical isolates were screened. Of the 668 isolates, the 80 strains were presumptively defined as ESBL producers according to the result of disk method using ESBL marker antibiotics (aztreonam, ceftazidime, and cefoxitin). These 80 strains were retested with the double-disk synergy test (DDST), the E-test ESBL strip, a 5-mug ceftazidime disk, and agar dilution MICs of ceftazidime with and without clavulonic acid. Isoelectric focusing was performed to confirm ESBL production and type the beta -lactamases. By evaluation of the results of all tests used for ESBL detection together with isoelectric focusing, 33 (4.9%) of the 668 isolates were described as ESBL producer. The positive results of the agar dilution test, DDST, the E-test strip, and 5-mug ceftazidime disk were 32, 26, 27, and 26 of the 33 strains, respectively. ESBL positivity was 48.8% in Klebsiella species, 15.4% in Citrobacter species, 4.9% in Enterobacter species and 1.1% in Escherichia coli strains. The ESBL enzymes frequently determined were SHV-2/6-like (pI 7.6), SHV-5-like (pI 8.2), SHV-4-like (pI 7.8), and SHV-3-like (pI 7). SHV-derived enzymes were commonly observed in Klebsiella spp whereas TEM-related enzymes were seen in E. coli strains. The results of this study indicated that SHV-2/6-derived (pI 7.6) ESBL expression among the isolates of the family Enterobacteriaceae is an important problem in our medical center.Öğe Detection of Alloiococcus otitidis in the nasopharynx and in the outer ear canal(Luigi Ponzio E Figlio, 2002) Durmaz, R; Ozerol, IH; Kalcioglu, MT; Oncel, S; Otlu, B; Direkel, S; Hendolin, PHAlloiococcus otitidis has been recovered from the middle car of children with otitis media with effusion, but its natural habitat is not known. To determine whether the nasopharynx and the outer ear canals are the natural habitats of A. otitidis, 145 swabs (50, nasopharynx; 95 outer ear canal) collected from 50 children were screened by polymerase chain reaction. A. otitidis DNA was detected in seven (4.8%) of the 145 specimens, of which four were nasopharynx, and three outer ear canal. These results indicate that the nasopharynx and outer car canal may be the body sites for localization of A. otitidis.Öğe Detection of HCV-RNA in cerumen of chronically HCV-infected patients(Wiley, 2005) Bayindir, Y; Kalcioglu, T; Durmaz, R; Ozturan, OObjectives/Hypothesis: Viral hepatitis C is a worldwide public health problem. Hepatitis C virus is mainly transmitted by parenteral or percutaneous route. Nonparenteral transmission, such as through sexual activity, household contact, and vertical or perinatal exposure to body fluids or secretions, can occur, which has been studied before. Cerumen, however, has not been investigated for its ability to transmit hepatitis C virus. The aim of this study is to evaluate the importance of cerumen in transmission of hepatitis C virus infection. Study Design: This study was performed on 35 patients with confirmed chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Methods. Thirty-five cerumen specimens collected from the patients with hepatitis C virus RNA in their sera were prospectively analyzed for the presence of hepatitis C virus RNA by polymerase chain reaction. Results. None of the 35 cerumen specimens were positive for hepatitis C virus RNA. Conclusion: This study showed that cerumen has no risk for transmission of hepatitis C virus infection, even in patients with high hepatitis C virus RNA serum levels; however, standard infection control precautions should be applied carefully in all examinations and surgical operations of the ears.Öğe Detection of the frequency, antimicrobial susceptibility, and genotypic discrimination of Aeromonas strains isolated from municipally treated tap water samples by cultivation and AP-PCR(Elsevier Science Bv, 2006) Emekdas, G; Aslan, G; Tezcan, S; Serin, MS; Yildiz, C; Ozturhan, H; Durmaz, RThe frequency, antibiotic susceptibility, and genotypic discrimination of Aeromonas strains isolated from municipally treated drinking tap water distribution systems were investigated in this study. We have analyzed 148 tap water samples collected from 8 different locations by bacterial cultivation and arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR). Gram negative, hemolytic, oxidase (+) and catalase (+) bacterial colonies were applied to the study. Identification of bacterial colonies was done by conventional biochemical method and API ID 20E panel (BioMerieux-France). Molecular epidemiological discrimination of the isolates was done by AP-PCR. Aeromonas spp. was detected in 6 of 148 (4%) tap water samples from 8 different locations. Five isolates were identified as Aeromonas hydrophila and one isolate was identified as Vibrio fluvialis by conventional biochemical method. These data were also confirmed by API 20E panel. One of 6 isolates was resistant to gentamicin, 2 of 6 isolates were resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, 4 of 6 isolates were resistant to ampicillin and ampicillin-sulbactam and all of 6 isolates were resistant to cephalothin. All isolates were found to be susceptible to amikacin, aztreonam, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin. All 6 strains of Aeromonas were discriminated by AP-PCR and were determined that all isolates were from different genotypic sources. Although the frequency of the isolates was under the standard limits, the results indicate that hemolytic A. hydrophila are present in municipally treated tap water samples in Mersin City. While all strains were genotypically distinct, all of them were resistant to first generation beta lactam antibiotics tested in this study. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.Öğe Determination of copper and zinc levels of hydatid cyst fluids in liver, lung and spleen of cattle and sheep(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2006) Küçükbay, FZ; Bayraktar, M; Bayraktar, N; Durmaz, RThis study was undertaken to investigate the copper and zinc levels of hydatid cyst fluids in liver, lung, and spleen of infected cattle and sheep in the Malatya region. The copper and zinc values were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Copper average levels of hydatid cyst fluids in liver, lung and spleen of cattle were found to be 1.944 +/- 0.372 mu g/dL, 1.272 +/- 0.469 mu g/dL and 2.234 +/- 0.932 mu g/dL, respectively, and that of zinc 0.312 +/- 0.147 mu g/dL, 1.112 +/- 1.035 mu g/dL and 0.886 +/- 0.405 mu g/dL. Average copper levels of hydatid cyst fluids in liver and lung of sheep were found to be 2.542 +/- 0.352 mu g/dL and 1.552 +/- 0.558 mu g/dL, respectively, whereas those of zinc were found to be 0.747 +/- 0.151 mu g/dL and 1.220 +/- 0.379 mu g/dL. Copper and zinc levels of hydatid cyst fluid were higher in sheep organs than in corresponding cattle organs.
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