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Analysis of E6/E7 mRNA gene expression by means of NucliSENS EasyQ (NASBA) technique in patients suffering from cervical dysplasia with HPV positive
(7847050 Canada Inc, 2017) Ciplak, B.; Yilmaz, E.; Otlu, B.; Coskun, E. I.; Sahin, N.; Tuncay, G.
Objective: In this study, the authors aimed at examining E6/E7 mRNA gene expression by means of NucliSENS EasyQ (NASBA) in patients in which HPV infection was detected and diagnosed with cervical dysplasia. Materials and Methods: This study included 77 patients diagnosed with cervical dysplasia. The patients were grouped based on cervico-vaginal smear anomalies. Digene HC2 DNA Collection Device transport medium was used for taking and keeping cervical samples, QIA symphony SP device, and QIAsymphony DSP AXpH DNA kit were used for HPV DNA extraction from cervical samples kept in transport medium, HPV Q24 complete kit, RotorGene and PyroMark Q24 for detection of HPV-DNA and determination of HPV types and NucliSENS Easy Q Genetic Analyzer technique for determination of E6/E7 gene expression in HPV positive samples. SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) Version 22.0 was employed in statistical evaluation of the research date. Results: The most common HPV was considered as type 16 in this study. When pathology specimens of patients in whom dysplasia was detected in their cervical biopsies were examined in terms of HPV E6/E7 mRNA expression, a statistically significant difference was found between the normal and pathology groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Today, the presence of HPV infection in etiology of cervical smear pathologies and dysplasia is undisputedly accepted. The main determinant factor of HPV virulence is the frequency of E6 and E7 gene expressions existing in the DNA structure and responsible for virulence. NucliSENS_Ea_syQ (NASBA) is a technique employed to analyze mRNA gene expression in an accurate, reliable, and rapid way. Parallel to the conclusions of studies in the literature, frequency of E6/E7 gene expression increases in proportion to the increasing dysplasia degree of cervical pathologies in the present study as well.
Analysis of e6/e7 mrna gene expression by means of nuclisens easyq (nasba) technique in patientssuffering from cervical dysplasia with hpv positive
(I r o g canada, ınc, 4900 cote st-luc, apt#212, montreal, quebec h3w 2h3, canada, 2017) Ciplak, B.; Yilmaz, E.; Otlu, B.; Coskun, E. I.; Sahin, N.; Tuncay, G
Objective: In this study, the authors aimed at examining E6/E7 mRNA gene expression by means of NucliSENS EasyQ (NASBA) in patients in which HPV infection was detected and diagnosed with cervical dysplasia. Materials and Methods: This study included 77 patients diagnosed with cervical dysplasia. The patients were grouped based on cervico-vaginal smear anomalies. Digene HC2 DNA Collection Device transport medium was used for taking and keeping cervical samples, QIA symphony SP device, and QIAsymphony DSP AXpH DNA kit were used for HPV DNA extraction from cervical samples kept in transport medium, HPV Q24 complete kit, RotorGene and PyroMark Q24 for detection of HPV-DNA and determination of HPV types and NucliSENS Easy Q Genetic Analyzer technique for determination of E6/E7 gene expression in HPV positive samples. SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) Version 22.0 was employed in statistical evaluation of the research date. Results: The most common HPV was considered as type 16 in this study. When pathology specimens of patients in whom dysplasia was detected in their cervical biopsies were examined in terms of HPV E6/E7 mRNA expression, a statistically significant difference was found between the normal and pathology groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Today, the presence of HPV infection in etiology of cervical smear pathologies and dysplasia is undisputedly accepted. The main determinant factor of HPV virulence is the frequency of E6 and E7 gene expressions existing in the DNA structure and responsible for virulence. NucliSENS_Ea_syQ (NASBA) is a technique employed to analyze mRNA gene expression in an accurate, reliable, and rapid way. Parallel to the conclusions of studies in the literature, frequency of E6/E7 gene expression increases in proportion to the increasing dysplasia degree of cervical pathologies in the present study as well.
Candida albicans outbreak associated with total parenteral nutrition in the neonatal unit
(Elsevier, 2016) Guducuoglu, H.; Gultepe, B.; Otlu, B.; Bektas, A.; Yildirim, O.; Tuncer, O.; Berktas, M.
Background: The most frequently isolated fungi in patients using TPN belongs to the Candida genus. Various infections including venous catheter infections, fungemia, endocarditis and ophthalmitis may be encountered. Objective: Upon growth of Candida in the blood cultures from the pediatric (neonatal) unit of our hospital, a surveillance was performed in this unit and involving the health care workers. Clonal relationships of the isolates were investigated with molecular tests. Methods: Blood samples obtained from the patients in pediatric neonatal unit were studied with automatized blood culture [BacT/Alert (Bio Merioux, France)]. Yeast isolates from environmental surveillance cultures (TPN solutions, hands of healthcare personnel, etagere, etc) and patients were identified as C. albicans with conventional methods and ID 32 C and ATB (TM) Fungus 3 (Biomerieux, France) kits. Clonal similarity was determined by using AP-PCR as initial method and we have also typified all strains by the method of REP-PCR (diversilab system, bioMerieux). Finally; Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) was used for confirmation. Results: C. albicans was isolated in blood cultures of seven patients. Similar antifungal susceptibility patterns were observed in all isolates. AP-PCR and REP-PCR showed that the C. albicans isolates grown in the TPN solution and from the patients' blood cultures were clonally same strains. PFGE analysis further confirmed this clonality. Conclusion: According to results of the molecular methods, we thought that a C. albicans outbreak had occurred in the neonatal pediatric unit, due to contamination of TPN solution.
Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil from Mentha spicata L. subsp spicata
(Allured Publ Corp, 2011) Sarer, E.; Toprak, S. Yagmur; Otlu, B.; Durmaz, R.
The air-dried aerial parts of M.spicata L. subsp. spicata, which were collected from eastern Turkey, were subjected to hydrodistillation and the essential oil was obtained in a yield of 3.24% (v/w). The oil was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Thirty-seven constituents, accounting for more than 95.3% of the total oil composition, were identified. The main compounds of the essential oil were carvone (48.4%), 1,8-cineole (21.3%), beta-pinene (3.5%), beta-caryophyllene (3.3%) and trans-dihydrocarvone (2.9%). The antimicrobial activity of the oil was studied. It was evaluated against six microorganisms using the disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods. The oil showed great potential for its antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis and moderate activities against Staphylococcus aureus.
Effects of Lycium barbarum on bacterial translocation in thioacetamide-induced liver injury in rats
(Sage Publications Inc, 2015) Bilgic, Y.; Harputluoglu, M. M. M.; Kutlu, O.; Demirel, U.; Gul, M.; Otlu, B.; Temel, I.
Background and study aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of Lycium barbarum (LB) on bacterial translocation (BT) frequency in thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver injury in rats. Materials and methods: Group 1 was the control. In group 2 (TAA), rats received TAA daily for 3 days. In group 3 (TAA+LB), Lycium barbarum was administered orally 25 mg/kg for 21 days prior to the first TAA injection. In group 4 (LB), rats received only Lycium barbarum. Results: In our study, Lycium barbarum treatment did not attenuate liver damage. Lycium barbarum treatment decreased ileal E. coli counts and intestinal damage but it did not alter BT frequency. Conclusions: In conclusion, the effects of Lycium barbarum on BT may be related to ongoing severe liver damage in this model.
Epidemiological characteristics and molecular typing of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi during a waterborne outbreak in Eastern Anatolia
(Maney Publishing, 2011) Bayram, Y.; Guducuoglu, H.; Otlu, B.; Aypak, C.; Gursoy, N. C.; Uluc, H.; Berktas, M.
In this study, we aimed to study the molecular and epidemiological characteristics of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. typhi) outbreak in Eastern Anatolia. Six hundred and thirty-seven patients from the same county with clinical diagnosis of typhoid fever were investigated with conventional methods from stool, urine and blood specimens. Antibiotic susceptibility tests and identifications were performed for positive specimens. Clonal relationships between the isolates were investigated using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) method. A questionnaire was completed for the water consumption habits of patients. Of 91 culture positive specimens, 76 were blood, 13 were stool and 2 were urine. The isolates were resistant to ampicillin, ampicillin/sulbactam, chloramphenicol, cefuroxime, amikacin, gentamicin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Although there was a single band difference in some isolates, PFGE results indicated that this was an outbreak caused by single strain according to the Tenover criteria. This outbreak thought to be associated with the consumption of tap water contaminated with sewage represents a breakdown of the basic public health and civil engineering infrastructure. Appropriate public health measures should be taken in order to avoid such outbreaks in the future.
Epidemiological characteristics of fatal Candida krusei fungemia in immunocompromised febrile neutropenic children
(Springer Heidelberg, 2008) Agirbasli, H.; Otlu, B.; Bilgen, H.; Durmaz, R.; Gedikoglu, G.
[Abstract Not Available]
From admission to infection: a time-period analysis of the pathogens in healthcare-associated infections
(W B Saunders Co Ltd, 2024) Yakupogullari, Y.; Ceylan, D.; Otlu, B.
[Abstract Not Available]
Host-pathogen interactions: is there a relationship between TLR 4 polymorphisms and tuberculosis in a group of Turkish patients?
(Wiley-Blackwell, 2016) Vaizoglu, R. D.; Arica, Z.; Bag, H. Gozukara; Otlu, B.; Acar, C.
[Abstract Not Available]
Identification of bacterial species in milk by MALDI-TOF and assessment of some oxidant-antioxidant parameters in blood and milk from cows with different health status of the udder
(Polska Akad Nauk, Polish Acad Sciences, Univ Warmia & Mazury Olsztyn, 2022) Ozbey, G.; Cambay, Z.; Yilmaz, S.; Aytekin, O.; Zigo, F.; Ozcelik, M.; Otlu, B.
This study aimed to identify bacterial pathogens in milk samples from dairy cows with sub -clinical and clinical mastitis as well as to assess the concentrations of oxidant-antioxidant param-eters [malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and total GSH levels] in both blood and milk samples. From a total of 200 dairy cows in 8 farms, 800 quarter milk samples obtained from each udder were tested in the laboratory for the presence of udder pathogens. Cultivated bacteria causing intramammary infection from milk samples were identified by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF). In addition, from tested animals 60 cows were selected includ??ng 20 healthy cows that were CMT negative, 20 cows with subclini-cal mastitis (SM), and 20 cows with clinical mastitis (CM) for detection of MDA, GSH, and total GSH levels in blood and milk samples. Three hundred and eighty (47.5%; 380/800), 300 (37.5%; 300/800), and 120 (15%; 120/800) of milk samples, respectively were CMT positive or SM and CM, and those positives were cows from different farms. We observed that 87.4% (332/380), 25.3% (76/300), and 34.2% (41/120) of cows with CMT positive, CMT negative, and CM had bacterial growth. The most predominantly identified bacteria were Staphylococcus chromogenes (18.7%) obtained mainly from SM and Staphylococcus aureus (16.7%) as the most frequent cau-se of CM. According to our results, dairy cows with CM had the highest MDA levels, the lowest GSH, and total GSH levels in both blood and milk samples however, high MDA levels and low GSH levels in milk samples with SM were observed. Based on our results, lipid oxidant MDA and antioxidant GSH could be excellent biomarkers of cow???s milk for developing inflammation of the mammary gland. In addition, there was no link between nutrition and MDA and GSH levels.
Investigation of high-risk st131 clone in esbl-producing escherichia coli isolates isolated from urine and non-urinary clinical specimens with maldı-tof ms and real time pcr
(Ankara Microbiology Society, 2018) Otlu, B.
In recent years, the ST131 clone was identified as a high risk pandemic clone among Escherichia coli isolates by multilocus sequence typing (MIST) studies and has been associated with extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production (often with CTX-M-15) and antibiotic resistance especially against fluoroquinolones. The aim of this study was to determine the rate of high risk ST131 clone in ESBL producing E.coli isolates in our region, to investigate the sensitivity of MALDI-TOF MS in the detection of ST131 clone, and to compare the frequency of antimicrobial resistance among ST131 and non-ST131 isolates. A total of 251 urinary and 50 non-urinary E.coli isolates identified in our hospital central laboratory between February 2016-February 2017 were included in the study. Real-time PCR and MALDI-TOF MS methods were used for the detection of E.coli ST131 clone. For the statistical evaluation of the rate of antibiotic resistance among isolates of ST131 and non-STI 31 clones, chi-square test was used. p value under 0.05 was considered as significant. Of the 301 isolates, 110 (36.6%) and 92 (30.6%) isolates were identified as ST131 clone by real-time PCR and MALDI-TOF MS, respectively. According to real-time PCR results, 91 (36.3%) of 251 urinary isolates and 19 (38%) of 50 non-urinary isolates were found as ST131 clone; there was no statistically significant difference between the groups. Ciprofloxacin resistance was found to be significantly higher in ST131 isolates than the non-STI 31 isolates (78.2%, n= 86 vs. 53.4%, n= 102). No statistically significant difference was determined for the other antibiotics tested. For the detection of E.coli ST131 clone; sensitivity of MALDI-TOF MS was 84%, specificity was 100% while positive predictive value was 100% and negative predictive value was 92%. In conclusion, further investigation of the high risk E.coli ST131 clone in our country, in which ESBL ratios and antibiotic resistance rates, especially in fluoroquinolones, are high, is important for the development of new strategies to control antibiotic resistance. MALDI-TOF MS method is particularly useful for easy and fast detection of the high risk E.coli ST131 clone.
Klebsiella pneumoniae suşlarında genişlemiş spektrumlu beta-laktamazların ve antibiyotik duyarlılıklarının saptanması
(2001) Tekerekoğlu, M. S.; Ayan, M.; Otlu, B.; Taşterkin, N.; Ağel, H. E.; Durmaz, B.; Özerol, İ. H.
Öz: Bu çalışmada, çeşitli klinik örneklerden izole edilen 100 Klebsiella pneumoniae susunda genişlemiş spektrumlu beta-laktamaz (GSBL) varlığı ve antibiyotik duyarlılık oranları araştırılmıştır. Yatan hastalardan izole edilen K.pneumoniae suşlarının %44'ünde, poliklinik hastalarının ise %14'ünde GSBL üretimi saptanmıştır. Test edilen toplam 100 suş ile GSBL pozitif 58 suşun antibiyotik duyarlılık oranları sırasıyla şu şekilde bulunmuştur: Sefaletin ve sefuroksime %40 ve %0, sefoksitine %78 ve %100, seftazidime %48 ve %20, sefotaksime %56 ve %20, seftriaksona %52 ve %18, gentamisine %66 ve %40, amikasine %70 ve %65, siprofloksasine %88 ve %90, imipeneme %80 ve %90, meropeneme %100 ve %100, aztreonama %50 ve %30, amoksisilin-klavulonik asite %28 ve %10, trimetoprim-sulfametoksazole %72 ve %40. Sonuç olarak K.pneumoniae'nin etken olduğu enfeksiyonlarda siprofloksasin, imipenem ve meropenem'in etkili antibiyotikler olabileceği kanısına varılmıştır.
Letter to the editor: a rarely isolated gram-negative bacterium in microbiology laboratories: leclercia adecarboxylata
(Akademiai Kiado Rt., 2018) Çiçek, M.; Tuncer, Ö.; Biçakçigil, A; Gürsoy, N.C.; Otlu, B.; Sancak, B.
Molecular epidemiology of the Bacillus anthracis isolates collected throughout Turkey from 1983 to 2011
(Springer, 2012) Durmaz, R.; Doganay, M.; Sahin, M.; Percin, D.; Karahocagil, M. K.; Kayabas, U.; Otlu, B.
The main perspective of this study was to determine cross-transmissions amongst anthrax cases and provide detailed information regarding the genotypes of Bacillus anthracis isolates circulating in Turkey. A total of 251 B. anthracis isolates were obtained from human (93 isolates), animal (155 isolates), and environmental (three isolates) samples in various provinces of Turkey. All isolates were susceptible to quinolones, vancomycin, tigecycline, and linezolid, but not to ceftriaxone. Excluding human isolates, one of the animal isolates was found to be resistant to penicillin, erythromycin, and doxycycline. Multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeats analysis including 8 loci (MLVA8) revealed 12 genotypes, in which genotype 43 was observed at the highest frequency (41.8 %), followed by genotype 35 (25.5 %) and genotype 27 (10.4 %). Major subtype A3.a was the predominant cluster, including 86.8 % of the isolates. The MLVA25 analysis for the 251 isolates yielded 62 different genotypes, 33 of which had only one isolate, while the remaining 29 genotypes had 2 to 43 isolates, with a total of 218 isolates (86.9 %). These findings indicate very high cross-transmission rates within anthrax cases in Turkey. The genotypes diagnosed in Turkey are populated in the A major cluster. Penicillin prescribed as the first-choice antibiotic for the treatment of anthrax is still effective.
Outbreak of adenovirus serotype 8 conjunctivitis in preterm infants in a neonatal intensive care unit
(W B Saunders Co Ltd, 2012) Ersoy, Y.; Otlu, B.; Turkcuoglu, P.; Yetkin, F.; Aker, S.; Kuzucu, C.
Background: Adenovirus keratoconjunctivitis outbreaks have rarely been reported in preterm infants. An outbreak of adenovirus conjunctivitis occurred between 15 January and 25 February at a neonatal intensive care unit of a university hospital in Turkey. Aim: To describe the evolution, investigation and management of the outbreak. Methods: Adenovirus type 8 was identified in 14 samples by polymerase chain reaction analysis. A case-control study was performed to determine the risk factors. Findings: Fifteen preterm neonates, five healthcare workers (HCWs) and four parents suffered from conjunctivitis signs such as lacrimation, swelling and redness of the eye. A retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) examination was found to be the most important risk factor for adenovirus conjunctivitis (odds ratio: 17.5; 95% confidence interval: 1.9-163.0; P=0.012). The eyelid speculum (blepharostat) used during the ROP examination was not sterilized between each patient and was found to be the cause of contamination. Conclusion: The outbreak was controlled by measures such as barrier precautions, hand hygiene, sterilization of the blepharostat, suspending patient transfer to other units, and excluding infected HCWs for at least 15 days. (C) 2011 The Healthcare Infection Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Prevalence of Candida africana and Candida dubliniensis, in vulvovaginal candidiasis: First Turkish Candida africana isolates from vulvovaginal candidiasis
(Masson Editeur, 2017) Hazirolan, G.; Altun, H. U.; Gumral, R.; Gursoy, N. C.; Otlu, B.; Sancak, B.
Introduction. Candida africana and C. dubliniensis are closely related species of C. albicans. Current phenotypic methods are not suitable to accurately distinguish all the species belonging to the C. albicans complex. Several molecular-based methods have recently been designed for discriminating among closely related Candida species. The aim of this study was to establish the prevalence of C. dubliniensis and C. africana in vulvovaginal samples with phenotypic and genotypic methods. Materials and Methods. We re-examined 376 vulvovaginal C. albicans complex isolates. All the isolates were identified with morphological features and HWP1 gene polymorphisms. ITS and D1 /D2 sequencing, carbohydrate assimilation, MALDI-TOF MS profiles and antifungal susceptibilities were evaluated for C. africana and C. dubliniensis isolates. Results. Of the 376 isolates, three C. africana and three C. dubliniensis isolates (0.8% and 0.8% prevalence, respectively) were identified by molecular methods (HPW1, ITS and Dl /D2) Phenotypically, C. africana differed from C. albicans and C. dubliniensis by formation of no/rare pseudohyphae, absence of chlamydospores and, the development of turquoise green colonies on CHROMagar. MALDI-TOF MS and API ID 32 C could not revealed C. africana isolates. C. africana and C. dubliniensis isolates showed very low MIC values for all the tested antifungals. Discussion. This first report of C. africana from Turkey provides additional data for epidemiological, phenotypic features and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. This study also highlights the importance of using genotypic methods in combination with phenotypic methods. (C) 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy after Three Consecutive Liver Transplantations
(Avicenna Organ Transplant Center, 2015) Ozdemir, F.; Ince, V.; Baskiran, A.; Ozdemir, Z.; Bayindir, Y.; Otlu, B.; Yilmaz, S.
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a lytic infection of the central nervous system caused by the reactivation of John Cunningham Virus (JCV) in severely immunosuppressed patients. Occurrence of PML after solid organ transplantations, especially after liver transplantation, is rare. If a patient has poor prognostic factors such as atypical radiological involvements or high viral load in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), overall survival rates could be poor. Herein, we report on a patients who underwent liver transplantation three times and developed PML with unexpected radiological findings; he was also positive for JCV DNA with a high viral load. Although there are limited data about efficacy of cytarabine against JCV, it was given to the patient for five days. Despite the initiation of cytarabine and complete cessation of the immunosuppressive therapy, we lost the patient, unfortunately.
Rapid Detection of Bloodstream Pathogens in Liver Transplantation Patients With Film Array Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction Assays: Comparison With Conventional Methods
(Elsevier Science Inc, 2015) Otlu, B.; Bayindir, Y.; Ozdemir, F.; Ince, V.; Cuglan, S.; Hopoglu, M.; Yakupogullari, Y.
Background. Bloodstream infection (BSI) is an important concern in transplant patients. Early intervention with appropriate antimicrobial therapy is critical to better clinical outcome; however, there is significant delay when conventional identification methods are used. Methods. We aimed to determine the diagnostic performance of the FilmArray Blood Culture Identification Panel, a recently approved multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay detecting 24 BSI pathogens and 3 resistance genes, in comparison with the performances of conventional identification methods in liver transplant (LT) patients. A total of 52 defined sepsis episodes (signal-positive by blood culture systems) from 45 LT patients were prospectively studied. Results. The FilmArray successfully identified 37 of 39 (94.8%) bacterial and 3 of 3 (100%) yeast pathogens in a total of 42 samples with microbial growth, failing to detect only 2 of 39 (5.1%) bacterial pathogens that were not covered by the test panel. The FilmArray could also detect additional pathogens in 3 samples that had been reported as having monomicrobial growth, and it could detect Acinetobacter baumannii in 2 samples suspected of skin flora contamination. The remaining 8 blood cultures showing a positive signal but yielding no growth were also negative by this assay. Results of MecA, KPC, and VanA/B gene detection were in high accordance. The FilmArray produced results with significantly shorter turnaround times (1.33 versus 36.2, 23.6, and 19.5 h; P < .05) than standard identification methods, Vitek II, and Vitek MS, respectively. Conclusions. This study showed that the FilmArray appeared as a reliable alternative diagnostic method with the potential to mitigate problems with protracted diagnosis of the BSI pathogens in LT patients.
Relationship between nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 variants and severity of acute pancreatitis
(Univ Catholique Louvain-Ucl, 2019) Harputluoglu, M. M. M.; Ozbek, M.; Demirel, U.; Otlu, B.; Yener, O.; Gursoy, N. C.; Tikici, D.
Background and aim : Intestinal bat tier dysfunction has been implicated in the development of infectious complications of acute pancreatitis. Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain- Containing Protein 2 (NOD2) plays an important role in the proper functioning of intestinal defense mechanisms. Here, we investigated the frequency of NOD2 variants in patients with mild and severe acute pancreatitis. Materials and Methods : Groups 1, 2 and 3 comprised healthy participants and patients with mild and severe pancreatitis, respectively. Four NOD2 variants and serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), Tumor Necrosis Factor-a (TNF-a) and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) levels were analyzed. Results: Three patients (3/32, 9.4%) in the severe pancreatitis group were positive for the p.R702W valiant. This valiant was negative in other groups. One, three and three patients in the healthy (1/27,3.7%), mild (3/36,8.3%) and severe pancreatitis (3/32, 9.4%) groups tested positive for the 1007fs variant, respectively. No significant difkrences in the frequencies of NOD2 variants were evident among the groups. Serum IL-6, TNF-a and IMP levels were markedly higher in the severe pancreatitis than the healthy and mild pancreatitis groups (all p<0.091). We observed no significant correlation between cytokine levels and NOD2 variants. Conclusion : Our results support an association between the presence of the p.R702W variant and severe pancreatitis.
Role of endometrial concentrations of heavy metals (cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic) in the aetiology of unexplained infertility
(Elsevier, 2014) Tanrikut, E.; Karaer, A.; Celik, O.; Celik, E.; Otlu, B.; Yilmaz, E.; Ozgul, O.
Objective: To determine the role of endometrial concentrations of heavy metals (cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic) in the aetiology of unexplained infertility. Study design: Thirty-three women with unexplained infertility and 32 fertile women were recruited. Endometrial biopsies were collected during the putative window of implantation (cycle days 20-24). The concentrations of cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic were measured in endometrial biopsy specimens using atomic absorption spectrometry. Results: Cadmium was detected in 91% (30/33) of women with unexplained infertility, compared with 34% (11/32) of fertile women. The median endometrial cadmium concentration was 19.58 (interquartile range 1.46-30.23) mu g/l in women with unexplained infertility, compared with 0.00 (interquartile range 0.00-0.40) mu g/l in fertile women. Lead was detected in 15% (5/33) of women with unexplained infertility and 3% (1/32) of fertile women. Mercury and arsenic were not detected in any endometrial samples from either group. Conclusion: A significant difference in endometrial cadmium concentration was found between women with unexplained infertility and fertile women. This suggests that cadmium may be a contributing factor in the aetiology of unexplained infertility. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

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