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Öğe Analysis of interactions of nitric oxide and polyamine under cadmium stress in wheat(Tubıtak scıentıfıc & technıcal research councıl turkey, ataturk bulvarı no 221, kavaklıdere, ankara, 00000, turkey, 2015) Mutlu, Fatma; Yurekli, FusunWheat cultivars chosen for their cadmium (Cd) tolerance (Sonmez-2001) and sensitivity (Quality) were grown in Hoagland solution for 20 days and then they were treated with 100 mu M 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylylimidazoline-1-oxyl (cPTIO), a nitric oxide (NO) scavenger, or with 100 mu M sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO donor, with and without 9 mM Cd. NO, free polyamines, and Cd levels were analysed by using leaf and root samples taken 24 and 72 h after treatment. There was a significant increase in NO level in the Cd+ SNP treatment in cv. Quality cultivars at 24 and 72 h. The NO level recorded in cv. Quality was higher in the Cd and Cd+ SNP treatments at 24 h and in the SNP and Cd+ SNP treatments at 72 h compared to cv. Sonmez-2001. Spermidine (Spd) had the highest amount of amine. In almost all treatments, the sensitive cultivar Quality included higher contents of Spd, putrescine, and spermine compared to cv. Sonmez-2001. Quality presented higher levels of Cd accumulation in root and leaf tissues in all treatments compared to Sonmez-2001.Öğe ASSESSMENT OF PHYTOTOXIC AND GENOTOXIC EFFECTS OF ANATASE TiO2 NANOPARTICLES ON MAIZE CULTIVAR BY USING RAPD ANALYSIS(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2018) Mutlu, Fatma; Yurekli, Fusun; Mutlu, Birol; Emre, Fatma Bilge; Okusluk, Funda; Ozgul, OnurIn this study, early phytotoxic and genotoxic effects of chemically synthesized nano-TiO2 (anatase) were investigated in seedlings of maize (Zea mays cv. Hido). Control (Hoagland) and NaCl (300 mM) groups were administered with nano-TiO2 (0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3%). Seed germination and seedling growth parameters of maize cultivar were markedly inhibited by salt stress. Nano-TiO2, without depending on concentration, was found to be ineffective on germination percentage in all administrations. On the contrary, nano-TiO2 caused significant increases in root-stem length and fresh-dry weights especially in NaCl+nano-TiO2 administrations. In salt administered samples, 0.3% nano-TiO2 increased root length 1.4 fold, stem length 4.8 fold, and fresh weight 1.2 fold. Genotoxic properties of nano-TiO2 in seedlings of maize were evaluated by using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR). In RAPD analysis, 20 RAPD primers were found to produce unique polymorphic band profiles at different concentrations of nano-TiO2 maize seedlings. Genomic template stability (GTS), a qualitative measurement of changes in RAPD patterns of genomic DNA, decreased depending on increasing nano-TiO2, NaCl, and NaCl+nano-TiO2 concentrations. Therefore, it could be concluded that nano-TiO2 of appropriate dose can be used to ameliorate negative effects of salt stress by increasing growth potential of maize.Öğe EFFECT OF HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM ON THE GROWTH AND PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS ON BRASSICA OLERACEA L. VAR. ACEPHALA DC(Akademiai Kiado Zrt, 2011) Ozdener, Yasemin; Aydin, Birsen Kilic; Aygun, S. Fatma; Yurekli, FusunIn order to determine the toxic effect of chromium Cr(VI) on the seed germination, the root and shoot length, the root-cotyledonary leaves, the fresh and dry weight in eight-day-old seedlings Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC (kale) were treated with various concentrations of Cr in the growth medium. The accumulation of chromium in the tissues was determined in the cotyledons and the roots of the kale seedlings. High rate of Cr uptake was observed in the roots. But the organs could not accumulate large amount Cr. The effect of Cr on B. oleracea var. acephala was evaluated by changes in chlorophyll a, b, lipid peroxidation, proline, ascorbate, protein carbonyl groups, non-protein thiols and peroxidase activity. There were significant decreases in chlorophylls a, b content of the plants treated with Cr. Chromium treated kale seedlings had higher lipid peroxidation and the protein carbonyl groups in cotyledonary leaves than the roots. The changes refer to toxic effects of Cr. There were increases in the non-protein thiol, the total ascorbate, and proline content in the cotyledons and the roots of the seedlings grown on the media containing 0.1 and 0.15 mM Cr. The guaiacol peroxidase activity was higher in the roots of the seedlings than their cotyledons.Öğe The Effect of Salts Stress, Some Plant Hormones and SNP Applications on Signal Molecules in Helianthus annuus L. Leaves(Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ, 2018) Kirecci, Oguz Ayhan; Yurekli, FusunIn this study, the effects of salt stress, sodium nitoprusside and hormones applications on some signal molecules [nitric oxide (NO), cyclic guanosine monofosfate (cGMP) and calcium (Ca+2)] of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. cv. Tarsan-1018) plant leaf were investigated. Helianthus annuss L. cv. TARSAN - 1018 seeds were obtained through the Edirne Thrace Agricultural Research Institute. Seeds were irrigated with culture solution for 5 weeks. At the end of the fifth week salt, sodium nitoprusside and hormone applications were performed with foliar application for 72 hours. At the end of 24th and 72nd hours samples were taken. All of signal molecules of leaf tissues of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. cv. Tarsan-1018) were determined by using analysis kit. Salt stress, sodium nitroprusside and hormone applications caused an increase in the level of NO. Continuation of the administration of IAA and GA resulted in a decrease in the amount of cGMP and Ca+2. Besides of these, salt stress, sodium nitroprusside and hormone applications provided higher NO, cGMP and Ca+2 levels than the control group. The results showed that there was a synergistic effect between hormones and signaling molecules. It has been observed that the signal molecules were regulated against stress conditions.Öğe EFFECTS OF NaCl STRESS ON PROLINE METABOLISM, MALONDIALDEHYDE, GLYCINE BETAIN AND CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT IN SUNFLOWER PLANTS(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2018) Yurekli, FusunThe effects of NaCl changes in the free proline, pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (P-S-CR), proline oxidase (PO) and proline dehydrogenase (PDH) enzyme activities, glycine betaine and chlorophyll contents in salt tolerant and sensitive cultivars of sunflower. Significant proline accumulation was observed in both cultivars but it was more in salt tolerant sunflower plants under salt stress. PO, P-5-CR and PDH activities increased in tolerant cultivar and inhibited under salt stress in sensitive cultivar. The study indicated that while more glycine betaine, malondialdehyde accumulation was much less in tolerant cultivar. The levels of pigments, were similar amounts in both cultivars under salt stress. With these results, we can say that enhancing enzyme activities and proline levels during salt stress contributes significantly to the survival of plants. The salt tolerance of A-6535 is more pronounced in salt stress than in A-2517 when glycine betain (GB) is accumulated at high levels. In addition, the salt tolerance of A-6535 was shown in lower amounts of chlorophyll degredation. The physiological significance of these alterations can be assessed together with the functions of these enzymes in plant metabolism under salt stress.Öğe THE EFFECTS OF NITRIC OXIDE ON SOME ANTIOXIDANT ENZYME ACTIVITIES UNDER SALT STRESS IN SUNFLOWER PLANTS(Wydawnictwo Akad Rolniczej W Lublinie, 2019) Yurekli, Fusun; Kirecci, Oguz A.; Celik, IlknurThe effects of externally applied sodium nitroprusside on superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and catalase (CAT) antioxidant enzyme activities, nitric oxide (NO) levels have been investigated in salt stress resistant and sensitive sunflower plants. NaCl treatments and SNP treatments simultaneously with salt application (NaCl+SNP) were performed. SOD, GPx, APX and CAT antioxidant enzyme activities and NO levels showed differences in leaf tissues treated with 100 mu M SNP, different concentrations of NaCl, and NaCl+SNP. SOD, GPx and APX enzyme activities were generally increased in sensitive variety, but decreased in tolerant variety. However, while general increase in CAT enzyme activity was determined in tolerant type, a reduction was established in sensitive type. An increase was determined in both types in NO levels. It is evident from these results that administration of NO donor SNP can cope with reactive oxygen species in both varieties. This study indicates that negative effects of salt stress on different sun flower varieties can be recovered by nitric oxide.Öğe The effects of SNP and some plant hormones on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seedling leaves exposed to salt stress(Mattioli 1885, 2019) Kirecci, Oguz Ayhan; Yurekli, Fusun; Yilmaz, OkkseIn this study, the effects of salt stress, sodium nitoprusside (SNP) and hormones (Abscisic acid, Indol acetic acid and Gibberellic acid) applications on fatty acids concentrations of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. cv. Tarsan-1018) plant leaf were investigated. Helianthus annuss L. cv. TARSAN - 1018 seeds were obtained through the Edirne Thrace Agricultural Research Institute, in Turkey. Following surface sterilization, the seeds were kept in water with aquarium pomp for 24 hours. The light intensity was 222 mu mol / m(2)s on the leaf surface. Seeds were grown in 16 hours light, 8 hours dark photoperiod. Seeds were irrigated with Hoagland culture solution for 5 weeks. At the end of the fifth week salt, SNP and hormone applications were performed with foliar application for 72 hour. At the end of 72 hours samples were taken. Fatty acid composition of leaf tissues of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. cv. Tarsan-1018) were determined by using gas chromatography. 300 mM salt application caused decrease concentrations of C16:0, C17:0, C18:1 and C18:3. 100 mu M sodium nitoprusside has reduced the concentrations of C16:0, C17:0, C18:1. Hormone applications. adversely affected fatty acid concentrations. The results show that salt stress, sodium nitoprusside and hormone applications have negative effects on C16:0, C17:0, C18:1 and C18.3 concentrations in Tarsan-1018 sunflower leaf tissues.Öğe INTERACTIONS BETWEEN CADMIUM AND PHYTOCHELATIN ACCUMULATION IN TWO DIFFERENT SUNFLOWER CULTIVARS(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2009) Doganlar, Zeynep Bann Porgali; Yurekli, FusunThe effects of cadmium sulfate on cadmium accumulation and phytochelatin synthesis were investigated in leaf, stem and root tissues of two sunflower cultivars, cadmium tolerant Helianthus annuus cv. Meric and sensitive Tarsan 1018. The seedlings were grown for 15 days in Hoagland solution and then exposed to CdSO4 at 150 mu M, 200 mu M, 250 mu M and 300 mu M for 4 days. Most cadmium accumulations were determined in the roots of both cultivars on the 2(nd) and 4(th) day. The cadmium sensitive cultivar, Tarsan 1018, accumulated more Cd in all tissues compared to the tolerant cultivar. Phytochelatin synthesis was induced by Cd exposure in both cultivars at the 2(nd) and 4(th) day. Higher phytochelatin accumulation was observed in root tissues of Tarsan 1018 cultivar at the 4(th) day. Phytochelatin levels in all tissues of both cultivars increased depending on Cd accumulation in those tissues.Öğe INVESTIGATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ENZYME ACTIVITIES IN WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.) CULTIVARS DEPENDING ON NITRIC OXIDE APPLICATION UNDER CADMIUM STRESS(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2018) Mutlu, Fatma; Yurekli, Fusun; Kirecci, Oguz; Dengiz, FatmaWheat cultivars chosen for their cadmium (Cd) tolerance (Sonmez-2001) and sensitivity (Quality) were grown in Hoagland solution for 5 days and then they were treated with 50, 100 and 200 mu M sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO donor, with 9 mM Cd. Samples were taken at 24th and 72nd hours after the administration. In the present study, when examining changes in activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, APX, and GST) which are known as internal defense systems built up by cultivars against Cd stress, these enzymes were observed to pose different responses compared to Cd and Cd+SNP administrations. Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in plant tissues were also determine comparatively in order to find out lipid peroxidation. The obtained results showed that Cd stress significantly increased lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities. This increase was found to be higher at various rates in different treatments in sensitive cultivar Quality compared to tolerant cultivar Sonmez-2001. Cd+SNP treatments increased antioxidant enzyme activities throughout the applications compared to cadmium. This increase was determined to be significant especially in Quality cultivar and thus substantially reduced Cd toxicity. Some Cd+SNP treatments lead to decline in enzyme activities and decrease in lipid peroxidation. In Sonmez cultivar, Cd+100 mu M SNP treatment decreased catalase activity at 24th and 72nd hours compared to cadmium treatment; Cd+50 mu M SNP reduced GST activity at 72nd hour in both cultivars. Cd+SNP treatments increased MDA levels identified at 24th and 72nd hours in Quality cultivar compared to cadmium treatment; but it led to decrease MDA levels in Sonmez cultivar. This decrease was found as 46.40% in Cd+ 100 mu M SNP treatment and 51.43% in Cd+ 200 mu M SNP treatment at 72nd hour. Based on the decrease in MDA level in Sonmez cultivar, especially at 24th hour, Quality cultivar was found to have higher MDA content than Sonmez cultivar. NO demonstrated a reduced or counteractive effect on the Cd-induced increase in the activities of some typical antioxidant enzymes. These results indicate that SNP has great application potential for improving the growth of plants under heavy metal stress such as Cd toxicity.Öğe THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DROUGHT STRESS AND SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION MOLECULES IN SENSITIVE AND RESISTANT WHEAT VARIETIES(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2017) Kirecci, Oguz Ayhan; Yurekli, FusunNitric oxide (NO) is a key signaling molecule having various physiological functions in plants. Additionally, hydrogen peroxide acts as signaling molecules in plants. The second messenger, cGMP is a significant molecule for many different processes in plants. In the present study, the effects of drought stress and also sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), externally applied at different concentrations, on nitric oxide (NO) levels, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity, cyclic GMP (cGMP) levels and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content in root tissues of the tolerant (Triticumaestivum L. Dogu-88) and sensitive (Triticum aestivum L. Yildirim) wheat plants were investigated. According to the results, NO level and NOS activity increased in both species. cGMP and NO levels increased. H2O2 content decreased in Dogu-88 plant but increased in Yildirim plant. All data revealed that the results were different in both wheat varieties. The results of the study, including the response of plant root tissues against stress and signal transduction, were found to be different. High NO levels can promote the adaptation to stress.Öğe THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NITRIC OXIDE AND PLANT HORMONES IN SNP ADMINISTRATED SUNFLOWER PLANTS UNDER SALT STRESS CONDITION(Wydawnictwo Akad Rolniczej W Lublinie, 2016) Yurekli, Fusun; Kirecci, Oguz AyhanNitric oxide (NO) and sodium nitro prusside (SNP) are striking molecules and play important roles in animals and plants. SNP serves as nitric oxide donor in both group. NO can act free radical and impaires important biomolecules functions beside this it has beneficial effect recovery from salinity, drought etc. NO and SNP are beneficial and protectant molecules in cope with stressfull conditions. In plants these molecules are very important, and regulate many physiological events. In the present study, endogen abscisic acid (ABA), indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA(3)) and NO levels were investigated in NaCl, SNP and plant growth regulators treated sunflower plant (Helianthus annuus L.) leaves and roots. The content of NO was higher in GA(3) + SNP treated plant leaves at 72 h. The highest IAA level was determined in IAA + SNP treated plant roots at 72 h. In NaCl + ABA treated plant leaves ABA was higher at 72 and GA(3) levels were equal or less than the control group. Our results showed that coadministration of SNP and plant growth regulators cope with salinity stress via elevated internal hormone and NO level versus salinity.
